Overview on Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology, and experimental models

Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is caused by dopaminergic neurons death and accompanied by rigidity, and postural instability, as well as bradykinesia. The cause of these neurons’ death is still unclear. Since the dopaminergic neurons couldn’t regenerate, therefore Parkinson's disease couldn’t be cured. Thus, over the past decades, significant effort has been made to explore the etiology of Parkinson's disease development and ascertainment. This review aimed to highlight the progress that has been made in understanding Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology. The role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in the development of PD has been discussed. It has been noticed that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are working together to develop Parkinson's disease, and each of these factors affects each other. Additionally, the experimental models and their drawbacks have been emphasized. Additionally, the mechanism of inducing Parkinson’s disease (i.e., inducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress) by neurotoxin has been highlighted.