俄罗斯妇女在政治中的年龄、子女数量和活动

N. Pushkareva, I. Pushkareva
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摘要

这篇文章反映了一个多世纪以来妇女参与俄罗斯政治进程的特殊性——从第一批妇女政治组织妇女互助慈善协会和妇女进步党的创建者,到执政党的现代领导人、系统性和非系统性反对派。一份前苏联、苏联和后苏联时期的女政治家名单,她们在公共活动期间非常有名,经常在媒体上被提及。它由50多名担任重要政府职位或由公众舆论提名的杰出公众活动人士组成,其中不仅包括忠于当局的人,还包括苏联和后苏联时期俄罗斯的持不同政见者。分析了他们的年龄、婚姻状况、有无子女。本文试图确定性别、年龄和进入积极政治生活的时间等参数之间的相关性;将这些输入与孩子的数量联系起来;并证实男性和女性选民在政治过程中社会期望的差异。有孩子的已婚男性主导俄罗斯政治的假设得到了证实。俄罗斯的女政治家大多没有孩子或很少有孩子。与选举过程中的外国参与者不同,俄罗斯人愿意看到女性成为政治精英代表的意愿不是每年都在增长,而是在不断下降——无论这些女性政治家是成为母亲还是没有孩子。
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Age, Number of Children and Activity of Women in Russian Politics
The article reflects the specifity of women’s participation in the Russian political process for more than a century — from the creators of the first women’s political organizations, the Women’s Mutual Charitable Society and the Women’s Progressive Party, to modern leaders of the ruling party, systemic and non-systemic opposition. A list of pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet women politicians, who were quite famous during the years of their public activity and were often mentioned in the media, has been compiled. It comprises more than fifty prominent public activists who held important government posts or were nominated by public opinion, including not only among those loyal to the authorities, but also dissidents in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. Their age, marital status, presence or absence of children are analyzed. The article attempts to identify the correlation between such parameters as gender, age, and time of entry into an active political life; to correlate these inputs with the number of children; and to substantiate the differences in the social expectations of the electorate of men and women in the political process. The hypothesis that married men with children dominate in the Russian politics has been confirmed. Women politicians in Russia are most often childless or have few children. Unlike foreign participants in the electoral process, Russians’ readiness to see women among representatives of the political elite does not grow every year but is constantly declining — and regardless of whether these women politicians become mothers or remain childless.
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