热带地区快速砍伐森林和前所未有的野生动物贩运时代的人畜共患病溢出:进入野外

Challenges Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI:10.3390/challe13020041
Y. Tajudeen, I. Oladunjoye, Ousman Bajinka, H. Oladipo
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引用次数: 6

摘要

快速的森林砍伐和前所未有的野生动物贩运是引发人畜共患疾病从动物向人类蔓延速度的重要因素。因此,这导致人畜共患传染病在人群中出现和重新出现。森林砍伐是导致生物多样性丧失的重要生态破坏。生物多样性的丧失导致最高质量的人畜共患病原体宿主持续支配低多样性群落,这一过程称为稀释效应。集约化农业和伐木等活动导致森林砍伐,使脆弱的人们与这些最高质量的水库宿主(野生动物)密切接触。由于这种脆弱性,有更大的溢出风险,导致人类感染人畜共患疾病,并最终在人际传播期间爆发疾病。野生动物源性疾病的一个突出例子是正在进行的SARS-CoV-2(严重急性呼吸综合征-冠状病毒2),尽管原始来源尚未发现。助长人畜共患传染病蔓延和出现风险的另一个重要因素是野生动物贩运。这涉及野生动物及其产品的非法狩猎和交易,这增加了人类与野生动物在狩猎和屠宰动物尸体期间交换体液和血的溢出风险。因此,野生动物贸易链中很少或没有卫生协议和不良处理做法使偷猎者、消费者和当地市场卖家面临人畜共患疾病的风险。尽管针对毁林引起的外溢和与野生动物贩运有关的外溢采取了干预措施,但在预防未来人畜共患传染病爆发方面,仍有知识和研究方面的差距需要解决。为此,有必要在不同领域和部门的研究人员之间开展跨学科和跨部门合作,以尽量减少在人-动物-环境关系中由森林砍伐和野生动物贩运引起的人畜共患病溢出风险。此外,还需要制定综合和统一的基于证据的政策,以制止森林砍伐和野生动物贩运,特别是在非洲和亚洲等热带地区。
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Zoonotic Spillover in an Era of Rapid Deforestation of Tropical Areas and Unprecedented Wildlife Trafficking: Into the Wild
Rapid deforestation and unprecedented wildlife trafficking are important factors triggering the rate of zoonotic spillover from animals to humans. Consequently, this leads to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases among the human population. Deforestation is an important ecological disruption that leads to the loss of biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity results in the persistence of highest-quality hosts of zoonotic pathogens dominating the low-diversity communities, a process termed the dilution effect. Activities like intensive farming and logging that resulted in deforestation bring vulnerable people in close contact with these highest-quality reservoir hosts (wildlife). As a result of this vulnerability, there is an increased risk of spillover, leading to zoonotic infection in humans and eventually disease outbreaks during human–human transmission. One prominent example of a disease of wildlife origin is the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2), even though the original source has not been found. Another important factor facilitating the risk of spillover and emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases is wildlife trafficking. This involves illegal hunting and trading of wildlife and their products, which increases the risk of spillover as a result of exchange of bodily fluids and bloodmeals between humans and wildlife during the hunting and butchering of animals’ carcasses. Consequently, little or no hygiene protocol and poor handling practices during the wildlife-trade chain expose poachers, consumers, and local market sellers to the risk of zoonotic diseases. Despite the interventions on deforestation-induced spillover and wildlife trafficking-associated spillover, there are still knowledge and research gaps that need to be addressed towards preventing the outbreaks of future zoonotic infectious diseases. In response to this, there is a need for interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaborations among researchers from various fields as well as sectors in minimizing the risk of zoonotic spillover driven by deforestation and wildlife trafficking at the human–animal–environmental nexus. In addition, there is a need for integrated and unified evidence-based policy formulation that puts an end to deforestation and wildlife trafficking, especially in tropical areas such as Africa and Asia.
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