Facing the Future of China’s Science and Technology Development

China’s scientific and technological strength is in a critical period of transition, from quantitative accumulation to a qualitative leap, and from point breakthroughs to system-wide capacity improvement. China has formulated the “Three-Step” strategic goal of scientific and technological innovation leadership. This chapter introduces eight socioeconomic foundations and strategic systems for supporting China’s science and technology innovation. These are sustainable energy and resources, advanced materials and intelligent green manufacturing, ubiquitous information network, ecologically high-value agriculture and bioindustry, universal healthcare, ecological and environmental conservation and development, space and ocean, and national and public security. China is committed to promoting the modernization of science and technology governance capabilities, improving the science and technology decision-making consultation mechanism, re-engineering the science and technology plan management system, optimizing scientific research projects and funding systems, promoting the open sharing of scientific and technological resources, and creating a deeply integrated open innovation environment.