第一次世界大战期间俄国国民经济和管理结构调整的经验

I. Shapkin
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摘要

本文分析了波基纳专著《灾难前夕》的内容和主要思想。《1914-1917年俄罗斯的国家与经济》,该书于2022年由Nestor-Istoriia出版社出版。所提出的主题并不是俄罗斯史学研究的充分和全面的主题之一。关于俄罗斯经济体制从和平国家向军事国家的转变以及经济动员模式的形成,有相当多的问题需要进一步研究。俄罗斯学者对军事经济形成和发展的个别方面进行了较好的研究,但在本专著出版之前,这个问题并没有得到全面的考虑。本专著作者的目标是分析中央行政机关在社会经济政策领域的立法和行政文件的复杂性,并在此基础上确定逐年优先方向。经过审查的文件使人们能够看到该国经济部门结构和管理制度中正在发生的变化。作者得出的结论是,尽管有错误和误判,但帝国政府与临时政府不同,总体上设法应对了出现的困难。政府的立法行为、作者提供的国家机构和公共组织的统计数据证明了这一点。对动员经济模式主要特征的界定具有创新性。
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The Experience of Restructuring the Russian National Economy and Management during the First World War
The article analyzes the content and the main ideas of the monograph by I. V. Potkina “On the eve of a catastrophe. The state and the economy of Russia in 1914–1917”, which was brought out by the publishing house “Nestor-Istoriia” in 2022. The presented topic is not among those fully and comprehensively researched by the Russian historiography. Quite a large number of issues related to the transition of the Russian economic system from a peaceful to a military state and the formation of a mobilization model of the economy require additional research. Individual aspects of the formation and development of the military economy have been studied by Russian scholars quite well, but before the publication of this monograph, this problem had not been considered comprehensively. The author of the monograph set a goal to analyze the complex of legislative and administrative documents of the central executive authorities in the field of socio-economic policy and, on this basis, to determine the priority directions by year. The reviewed documents made it possible to show the changes taking place in the sectoral structure of the country’s economy and the management system. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite mistakes and miscalculations, the Imperial government, unlike the Provisional Government, generally managed to cope with the difficulties that arose. This is evidenced by the legislative acts of the government, statistical data of state institutions and public organizations provided by the author. The definition of the main features of the mobilization economic model is innovative.
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20
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