Extracerebral manifestations of acute cerebral insufficiency in patients in critical condition

Acute cerebral insufficiency is a life-threatening condition defined by a loss of basic and higher nervous activity, as well as neuronal regulation of vital organs. Along with the signs and symptoms of brain damage, acute cerebral insufficiency is often accompanied by manifestations from other vital organs (i.e., respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary and immune systems as well as haemostasis), significantly complicating the disease course. Among the critical consequences following acute cerebral insufficiency are: 1) neurogenic endocrine disorders including hypopituitarism and impaired secretion of antidiuretic hormone which are notable for electrolyte imbalance; 2) healthcare-associated infections such as congestive pneumonia, ventriculitis, and pressure ulcers. In the worst-case scenario, acute cerebral insufficiency results in a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Here we describe epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of vital organs in patients with acute cerebral insufficiency.