Hybrid entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review

Abstract Hybrid entrepreneurship describes the engagement in self-employment activity while simultaneously holding a primary job in waged work. Because this phenomenon has received increasing scholarly attention in recent years, this study offers a first systematic literature review and uncovers both consensus and contradictions in the existing literature. Specifically, 43 papers were analyzed with respect to bibliographical information, research design and key results. We find that there is a missing consensus in applied nomenclatures, criteria and conception of hybrid entrepreneurship and a delineation of hybrid entrepreneurship from related concepts. As a result, alternative terminology is used to label the same phenomenon by different authors. Together, our study increases understanding of hybrid entrepreneurship by providing a holistic perspective of the phenomena and by offering avenues for future research.