Signaling pathways of nucleic acids for bone healing: A review

Abbreviations: NA, nucleic acid; siRNA, small interfering RNA; miRNA, microRNA analog; antagomir, microRNA antagonist; mRNA, messenger RNA; Fz, Frizzled; LRP5/6, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 or 6; ROR, RAR-related orphan receptor; APC, activated protein C; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; CK1, casein kinase; TCF/LEF, T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor 1; OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin; RANK-L, receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OPG, osteoprotegerin; Col1, type 1 collagen; MMP-13, matrix metallopeptidase 13; PCP, planar cell polarity; YAP-TAZ, yesassociated protein – transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif; Wnt3a, Wnt family member 3a; DKK-1, dikkopf-related protein 1; SFRP-1, secreted Frizzled-related protein 1; Wnt5a, Wnt family member 5a; Wnt5b, Wnt family member 5b; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMPr1, BMP receptor 1; BMPr2, BMP receptor 2; R-Smads, receptor-regulated Smads; I-Smads, inhibitory Smads; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Mitf, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; Bim or Bcl2L11, Bcl2-like protein 11