Beauty in the Eyes of the Beholders: How Government- and Consumer-Based Country-of-Origin Advantages and Disadvantages Drive Host Country Investment Dynamics.

Building on the resource-based view, we propose conceptualizing a foreign multinational's country of origin as a resource, an asset tied semi-permanently to the firm, and analyze how this resource affects its host country investments. We argue that the country of origin provides an advantage or disadvantage in the host country depending on its positive or negative view among the host-country government and consumers. This results in four alternative configurations of host country investment dynamics based on the alignment of their views. First, when a multinational's country of origin generates a government-based advantage and a consumer-based disadvantage, the multinational is more likely to make larger initial investments to benefit from incentives and larger subsequent localization investments to disassociate itself from the country of origin. Second, when the country of origin creates a government-based disadvantage and a consumer-based advantage, the foreign firm is more likely to make smaller initial and subsequent investments to maintain its association with the country of origin. Third, when the country of origin leads to government-based and consumer-based advantages, the foreign multinational is more likely to make a large initial investment to benefit from government incentives and smaller subsequent investments to maintain its association with the country of origin. Finally, when the country of origin leads to government-based and consumer-based disadvantages, the foreign multinational is more likely to make smaller initial investments to minimize risk and larger subsequent investments to localize.