Golden rhythms as a theoretical framework for cross-frequency organization.

While brain rhythms appear fundamental to brain function, why brain rhythms consistently organize into the small set of discrete frequency bands observed remains unknown. Here we propose that rhythms separated by factors of the golden ratio $(\varphi =(1+\sqrt{5})/2))$ optimally support segregation and cross-frequency integration of information transmission in the brain. Organized by the golden ratio, pairs of transient rhythms support multiplexing by reducing interference between separate communication channels, and triplets of transient rhythms support integration of signals to establish a hierarchy of cross-frequency interactions. We illustrate this framework in simulation and apply this framework to propose four hypotheses.