儿童模仿能力随年龄增长而矛盾地下降

IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY British journal of psychology Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI:10.1111/bjop.12644
Giovanni Ottoboni, Alessio Toraldo, Riccardo Proietti, Angelo Cangelosi, Alessia Tessari
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引用次数: 2

摘要

采用横断面设计研究了174名6-10岁小学生的模仿发展,重点研究了动作复杂性和错误分析的影响,以推断潜在的认知过程。参与者必须模仿模特的动作,就好像他们在镜子前一样(“镜面”)。复杂性在三个层面上有所不同:单个肢体的运动;手臂与腿同侧身体;或身体两侧的手臂和腿。虽然总体错误率随着年龄的增长而下降,但并非所有错误类别都是如此。“侧面”错误(使用错误的身体一侧的肢体)的比率矛盾地随着年龄的增长而增加(从9岁开始)。然而,随着年龄的增长,错误率对动作的复杂性也变得不那么敏感。这种模式与假设相一致,即年龄较大的儿童拥有“解剖学”模仿所需的工作记忆(WM)资源和身体知识,这导致了额外的侧面错误。年幼的儿童可能自相矛盾地没有这种干扰,因为他们的WM和/或身体知识不足以进行解剖模仿。然而,他们有限的WM资源将阻止他们成功地管理复杂动作(例如移动左臂和右腿)中涉及的空间代码之间的冲突。我们还发现,行动侧和内容侧可能存储在不同的短期记忆系统中:增加编码的侧数仅用于影响侧检索,而不用于内容检索;对称地,增加动作的内容(移动次数)只影响内容检索,而不影响侧面检索。综上所述,解剖模仿可能会干扰9岁儿童的镜面模仿,并且动作的侧面和内容的STM存储是分开的。
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Paradoxical decrease of imitation performance with age in children

Imitation development was studied in a cross-sectional design involving 174 primary-school children (aged 6–10), focusing on the effect of actions' complexity and error analysis to infer the underlying cognitive processes. Participants had to imitate the model's actions as if they were in front of a mirror (‘specularly’). Complexity varied across three levels: movements of a single limb; arm and leg of the same body side; or arm and leg of opposite body sides. While the overall error rate decreased with age, this was not true of all error categories. The rate of ‘side’ errors (using a limb of the wrong body side) paradoxically increased with age (from 9 years). However, with increasing age, the error rate also became less sensitive to the complexity of the action. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that older children have the working memory (WM) resources and the body knowledge necessary to imitate ‘anatomically’, which leads to additional side errors. Younger children might be paradoxically free from such interference because their WM and/or body knowledge are insufficient for anatomical imitation. Yet, their limited WM resources would prevent them from successfully managing the conflict between spatial codes involved in complex actions (e.g. moving the left arm and the right leg). We also found evidence that action side and content might be stored in separate short-term memory (STM) systems: increasing the number of sides to be encoded only affected side retrieval, but not content retrieval; symmetrically, increasing the content (number of movements) of the action only affected content retrieval, but not side retrieval. In conclusion, results suggest that anatomical imitation might interfere with specular imitation at age 9 and that STM storages for side and content of actions are separate.

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来源期刊
British journal of psychology
British journal of psychology PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
7.60
自引率
2.50%
发文量
67
期刊介绍: The British Journal of Psychology publishes original research on all aspects of general psychology including cognition; health and clinical psychology; developmental, social and occupational psychology. For information on specific requirements, please view Notes for Contributors. We attract a large number of international submissions each year which make major contributions across the range of psychology.
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