Association of Familial Hyperkalemia and Hypertension with Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis and Epileptic Seizures.

Abstract

Introduction: Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) is an inherited disease characterized by hyperkalemia, hypertension, and hyperchloremic acidosis (HCA). The primary defect is a hyperactive sodium chloride co-transporter, expressed in the renal distal tubule. FHHt is caused by mutation in either WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3, or Cul3. The mechanism of HCA is not completely understood.

Methods: Clinical and genetic data were collected from the largest family with FHHt described in the literature. Urine ammonia was measured in 26 family members. Epilepsy was diagnosed clinically.

Results: Of the 85 family members, 44 are affected by the Q565E WNK4 mutation, and 28 are newly described. In genetically engineered mice, urinary ammonium was decreased. In our study, urine ammonium did not change. In 11 unaffected subjects, urine ammonia per creatinine was 8.013 ± 3.620 mm/mm, and in 15 subjects affected by FHHt, it was 8.990 ± 4.300 mm/mm (p = 0.546, not significant). Due to the large family size and prolonged follow-up, rare conditions can be identified. Indeed, two children have genetic generalized epilepsy and one child has migraine. The prevalence of epilepsy is 4.545% (2/44) much higher than in the general population (0.681%). This difference is statistically significant (χ2 with Yates correction = 5.127, p = 0.023).

Conclusions: We provide further evidence that the origin of HCA in FHHt lies in the proximal renal tubule. The association of FHHt with epilepsy leads us to speculate that the raised serum K in susceptible subjects may cause a rise in CSF K, and extracellular cerebral K, leading to epilepsy.