The influence of tonality, tempo, and musical sophistication on the listener's time-duration estimates.

IF 1.5 3区心理学 Q4 PHYSIOLOGY Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-31 DOI:10.1177/17470218231203459

Ligia Borges Silva, Michelle Phillips, José Oliveira Martins

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Abstract

Music listening affects time perception, with previous studies suggesting that a variety of factors may influence this: musical, individual, and environmental. Two experiments investigated the effect of musical factors (tonality and musical tempo) and individual factors (a listener's level of musical sophistication) on subjective estimates of duration. Participants estimated the duration of different versions of newly composed instrumental music stimuli under retrospective and prospective conditions. Stimuli varied in tempo (90-120 bpm) and tonality (tonal-atonal), in a 2 × 2 factorial design, while other musical parameters remained constant. Estimates were made using written estimates of minutes and seconds in Experiment 1, and the reproduction method in Experiment 2. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed no main effect of tonality on estimates and no significant interactions between tempo and tonality, under any condition. Musical tempo significantly affected estimates, with the faster tempo leading to longer estimates, but only in the prospective condition, and with the use of the reproduction method. Correlation matrices using the Pearson correlation coefficient found no correlation between musical sophistication scores (measured using the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index [Gold-MSI]) and verbal or reproduction estimates. In conclusion, together with the existing literature, findings suggest that (1) changes in tonality, without further changes in rhythm, metre, or melodic contour, do not significantly affect estimates; (2) small changes in musical tempo influence only prospective reproduction estimates, with larger tempo differences or longer stimuli being needed to cause changes in retrospective estimates; (3) participants' level of musical sophistication does not impact estimates of musical duration; and (4) empirical research on music listening and subjective time must consider potential method-dependent results.

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音调、节奏和音乐复杂度对听众持续时间估计的影响。

听音乐会影响时间感知，先前的研究表明，多种因素可能会影响这一点：音乐、个人和环境。两个实验调查了音乐因素（音调和音乐节奏）和个人因素（听众的音乐成熟度）对持续时间主观估计的影响。参与者在回顾性和前瞻性条件下估计了不同版本的新创作的器乐刺激的持续时间。在2×2析因设计中，刺激在节奏（90-120 bpm）和音调（音调无调性）上变化，而其他音乐参数保持不变。使用实验1中的分钟和秒的书面估计以及实验2中的再现方法进行估计。双向方差分析（ANOVA）显示，在任何条件下，音调对估计没有主要影响，节奏和音调之间也没有显著的相互作用。音乐节奏显著影响估计，更快的节奏导致更长的估计，但仅在预期条件下，并使用复制方法。使用Pearson相关系数的相关矩阵发现音乐复杂度得分（使用Goldsmiths音乐复杂度指数[Gold MSI]测量）与言语或再现估计之间没有相关性。总之，结合现有文献，研究结果表明：（1）音调的变化，在没有节奏、韵律或旋律轮廓进一步变化的情况下，不会显著影响估计；（2）音乐节奏的微小变化只影响预期的再现估计，需要更大的节奏差异或更长的刺激来引起回顾性估计的变化；（3）参与者的音乐复杂程度不会影响对音乐持续时间的估计；（4）对音乐听力和主观时间的实证研究必须考虑潜在的方法依赖性结果。

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来源期刊

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 医学-生理学

CiteScore

3.50

自引率

5.90%

发文量

178

审稿时长

3-8 weeks

期刊介绍： Promoting the interests of scientific psychology and its researchers, QJEP, the journal of the Experimental Psychology Society, is a leading journal with a long-standing tradition of publishing cutting-edge research. Several articles have become classic papers in the fields of attention, perception, learning, memory, language, and reasoning. The journal publishes original articles on any topic within the field of experimental psychology (including comparative research). These include substantial experimental reports, review papers, rapid communications (reporting novel techniques or ground breaking results), comments (on articles previously published in QJEP or on issues of general interest to experimental psychologists), and book reviews. Experimental results are welcomed from all relevant techniques, including behavioural testing, brain imaging and computational modelling. QJEP offers a competitive publication time-scale. Accepted Rapid Communications have priority in the publication cycle and usually appear in print within three months. We aim to publish all accepted (but uncorrected) articles online within seven days. Our Latest Articles page offers immediate publication of articles upon reaching their final form. The journal offers an open access option called Open Select, enabling authors to meet funder requirements to make their article free to read online for all in perpetuity. Authors also benefit from a broad and diverse subscription base that delivers the journal contents to a world-wide readership. Together these features ensure that the journal offers authors the opportunity to raise the visibility of their work to a global audience.