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{"title":"Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback.","authors":"Alain Frigon, Turgay Akay, Boris I Prilutsky","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210020","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion in the spinal cord and brain. The dynamic interactions between the control systems at different levels of the neuraxis ensure that locomotion adjusts to its environment and meets task demands. In this article, we describe and discuss the essential contribution of somatosensory feedback to locomotion. We start with a discussion of how biomechanical properties of the body affect somatosensory feedback. We follow with the different types of mechanoreceptors and somatosensory afferents and their activity during locomotion. We then describe central projections to locomotor networks and the modulation of somatosensory feedback during locomotion and its mechanisms. We then discuss experimental approaches and animal models used to investigate the control of locomotion by somatosensory feedback before providing an overview of the different functional roles of somatosensory feedback for locomotion. Lastly, we briefly describe the role of somatosensory feedback in the recovery of locomotion after neurological injury. We highlight the fact that somatosensory feedback is an essential component of a highly integrated system for locomotor control. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-71, 2021.</p>","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"2877-2947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9159344/pdf/nihms-1806705.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Comprehensive Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210020","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion in the spinal cord and brain. The dynamic interactions between the control systems at different levels of the neuraxis ensure that locomotion adjusts to its environment and meets task demands. In this article, we describe and discuss the essential contribution of somatosensory feedback to locomotion. We start with a discussion of how biomechanical properties of the body affect somatosensory feedback. We follow with the different types of mechanoreceptors and somatosensory afferents and their activity during locomotion. We then describe central projections to locomotor networks and the modulation of somatosensory feedback during locomotion and its mechanisms. We then discuss experimental approaches and animal models used to investigate the control of locomotion by somatosensory feedback before providing an overview of the different functional roles of somatosensory feedback for locomotion. Lastly, we briefly describe the role of somatosensory feedback in the recovery of locomotion after neurological injury. We highlight the fact that somatosensory feedback is an essential component of a highly integrated system for locomotor control. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-71, 2021.
通过体感反馈控制哺乳动物的运动
动物在地面行走时,机械刺激会激活位于肌肉、关节和皮肤中的各种感受器。这些机械感受器的传入神经投射到脊髓和大脑中控制运动的神经元网络。神经轴不同层次的控制系统之间的动态互动确保运动能适应环境并满足任务需求。在本文中,我们将描述和讨论躯体感觉反馈对运动的重要贡献。我们首先讨论身体的生物力学特性如何影响体感反馈。接着,我们将介绍不同类型的机械感受器和体感传入及其在运动过程中的活动。然后,我们将介绍运动网络的中枢投射和运动过程中的体感反馈调节及其机制。然后,我们讨论用于研究体感反馈对运动控制的实验方法和动物模型,最后概述体感反馈对运动的不同功能作用。最后,我们简要介绍了体感反馈在神经损伤后运动恢复中的作用。我们强调,躯体感觉反馈是运动控制系统高度整合的重要组成部分。© 2021 美国生理学会。Compr Physiol 11:1-71, 2021.
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