Giuseppe Stipa, Antonio Ancidoni, Nicola Vanacore, Guido Bellomo
{"title":"Raw Water and ALS: A Unifying Hypothesis for the Environmental Agents Involved in ALS.","authors":"Giuseppe Stipa, Antonio Ancidoni, Nicola Vanacore, Guido Bellomo","doi":"10.1177/09727531221120358","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different studies identified the presence of several altered genes in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) forms. The experimental data, together with the epidemiological data, would seem to suggest the existence of molecular mechanisms (e.g., axonal transport) related to these genes, together with a susceptibility of the same genes to certain environmental factors that would therefore suggest an impact of the environment on the etiopathogenesis of ALS. In our review, we considered the most relevant environmental clusters around the world, collecting different hypotheses and underlining common environmental factors among the different clusters. Moreover, further epidemiological data identified a higher risk of ALS in professional athletes and, in particular, in soccer and football players. Despite this increased risk of ALS highlighted by the epidemiological evidence in aforementioned sports, the mechanisms remain unclear. At last, the use of raw water has been associated with ALS risk. The aim of the present review is to characterize a possible relationship between these clusters, to be explored in the context of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors on the etiopathogenesis of ALS.</p>","PeriodicalId":7921,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/79/b2/10.1177_09727531221120358.PMC10496797.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Neurosciences","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531221120358","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/1/13 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"NEUROSCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Different studies identified the presence of several altered genes in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) forms. The experimental data, together with the epidemiological data, would seem to suggest the existence of molecular mechanisms (e.g., axonal transport) related to these genes, together with a susceptibility of the same genes to certain environmental factors that would therefore suggest an impact of the environment on the etiopathogenesis of ALS. In our review, we considered the most relevant environmental clusters around the world, collecting different hypotheses and underlining common environmental factors among the different clusters. Moreover, further epidemiological data identified a higher risk of ALS in professional athletes and, in particular, in soccer and football players. Despite this increased risk of ALS highlighted by the epidemiological evidence in aforementioned sports, the mechanisms remain unclear. At last, the use of raw water has been associated with ALS risk. The aim of the present review is to characterize a possible relationship between these clusters, to be explored in the context of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors on the etiopathogenesis of ALS.
不同的研究发现,在家族性和散发性肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)中存在多个基因改变。实验数据和流行病学数据似乎表明,存在着与这些基因相关的分子机制(如轴突运输),同时这些基因对某些环境因素具有易感性,因此表明环境对 ALS 的发病机制具有影响。在我们的综述中,我们考虑了全球最相关的环境群组,收集了不同的假说,并强调了不同群组中的共同环境因素。此外,进一步的流行病学数据发现,职业运动员,尤其是足球运动员,患渐冻人肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症的风险较高。尽管上述运动中的流行病学证据强调了 ALS 风险的增加,但其机制仍不清楚。最后,使用生水也与 ALS 风险有关。本综述的目的是描述这些群组之间可能存在的关系,并在遗传和环境因素相互作用的背景下探讨 ALS 的发病机理。