Epigenetic Dysfunction of Neurodegenerative Diseases, MeCP2 and More.

Abstract

Copyright © 2022 Korean Continence Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This quarter’s International Neurourology Journal special issue is “Epigenetic Dysfunction of Neurodegenerative Diseases, MeCP2 and More.” The current issue consists of 3 basic research papers specifically dealing with animal experiments, one on clinical trials, and another utilizing clinical databases. A large part of these papers covers the effects of epigenetic regulation on gene expression and the functional changes of specific brain regions that arise from the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). In this issue, Lee et al. [1] report that epigenetic changes by MeCP2 may alter ZBTB16 expression in the striatum, and that ZBTB16 function as a transcription factor may influence cognitive decline during AD pathogenesis. Kim et al. [2] performed quantitative sequencing of the early and late-stage AD mouse model striatum and compared the resulting changes in the transcriptome with the dataset from MeCP2 ChIP-Seq. The comparative analysis indicates that certain genes of the transcriptional regulatory pathway could be altered by epigenetic regulators in the course of AD pathogenesis. As a research result highly related to this, Kim et al. [3] shows that neuronal dysfunction in the striatum may lead to structural changes in the hippocampus, suggesting that the functional changes of the striatum in AD and PD are associated with the cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. As an epigenetic mechanism that may affect PD onset, Guhathakurta et al. [4] report the deregulation of the repression mechanism by CpG binding protein TET1 and its downstream effect on SNCA gene expression, implicating SNCA repression as a novel therapeutic strategy for PD. Another posttranscriptional regulation of interest is the alternative splicing of AD-risk genes analyzed by Kim et al. [5]. Here, they identify several novel exon skipping sites according to the frontal and temporal brain regions and proposed them as a treatment target and region-specific biomarker of AD. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression for the maintenance and regulation of brain function is a research field that has recently attracted attention. At the same time, the role of epigenetics in normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases, specifically the functional role of MeCP2 as a brain-enriched epigenetic regulator and the methylation status of the genome have been reported by numerous studies. However, the overarching mechanisms that lead from epigenetic regulation to changes in brain executive function have not yet been fully understood. Thus, in this special issue, we focus on papers that have elucidated the role of epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of AD and PD in the context of striatal function.