The 1889-90 flu pandemic in Greece: a social, cultural and economic history with lessons for the 21st century.

Q2 Medicine Infezioni in Medicina Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI:10.53854/liim-3103-17
Antonis A Kousoulis
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Abstract

The 1889-1892 influenza pandemic is the first flu outbreak that can be demonstrated to have been truly worldwide in scope. Its initial spread, along with the successive waves, coincided with an uneasy period of economic and political instability in Greece. Greek historians have largely ignored this outbreak in a national setting and have exclusively focused on the economic crisis and social unrest of that era. As in other countries, it seems that in Greece, too, the case fatality ratio was low, but morbidity and public health issues gained importance. Culturally, it triggered the creation of a new terminology around disease and proved an inspiration for satirical magazines. The economic distress of large parts of the population contributed to the design of health measures of only limited impact, with the press being the main source for dissemination of new health information. Despite being separated by 130 years, the 1889 influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic share some striking similarities. They both spread across transport lines and were followed by spotty and multifocal subsequent waves, disproportionately affected the poorest and most vulnerable, and led to neologisms, strong public health debates, and shifts in employment habits and measures. As we move forward into the 21st century, it is essential that we are able to reflect on such shared trends over decades, which are true because of common and interactive co-determinants of infectious disease outbreak emergence and spread and our responses to them.

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1889-90年希腊流感大流行:对21世纪的社会、文化和经济史的教训。
1889年至1892年的流感大流行是第一次可以证明在全球范围内爆发的流感。它最初的传播,伴随着连续的浪潮,恰逢希腊经济和政治不稳定的不安时期。希腊历史学家在很大程度上忽略了这次全国范围内的爆发,而只关注那个时代的经济危机和社会动荡。与其他国家一样,希腊的病死率似乎也很低,但发病率和公共卫生问题变得越来越重要。在文化上,它引发了关于疾病的新术语的创造,并为讽刺杂志提供了灵感。大部分人口的经济困难促使制订了影响有限的保健措施,因为新闻界是传播新的保健信息的主要来源。尽管1889年的流感大流行和COVID-19大流行相隔130年,但它们有着惊人的相似之处。它们都蔓延到运输线路上,随后出现了零星和多焦点的后续浪潮,不成比例地影响了最贫穷和最脆弱的人群,并导致了新词、激烈的公共卫生辩论以及就业习惯和措施的转变。在我们迈向21世纪之际,至关重要的是,我们必须能够反思未来几十年的这些共同趋势,因为传染病暴发的出现和传播以及我们对此的应对是共同和相互作用的共同决定因素。
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来源期刊
Infezioni in Medicina
Infezioni in Medicina Medicine-Infectious Diseases
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
62
期刊介绍: The Journal publishes original papers, in Italian or in English, on topics concerning aetiopathogenesis, prevention, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features and therapy of infections, whose acceptance is subject to the referee’s assessment. The Journal is of interest not only to infectious disease specialists, microbiologists and pharmacologists, but also to internal medicine specialists, paediatricians, pneumologists, and to surgeons as well. The Editorial Board includes experts in each of the above mentioned fields.
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