Interspecific cross-incompatibility due to disturbed activation of the polar nuclei by the male nucleus

I. Nishiyama, T. Yabuno
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

A total of 74 interspecific reciprocal crosses was made among ten polyploid species of Avena. The development of hybrid kernels was very variable, and grouped into four types, Rd -, Rd +, D + and E - which indicate small or very small, small, mormal and empty, shrivelled kernels, respectively, as vvell as germination (+) and non-germination (-) of hybrid kernels. In a small number of crosses, however, some intermediate types of kernels were found. The results are almost completely explained in terms of a hypothesls of polar-nuclei activation by the male nucleus in double fertilization. The strength of activating stimulus of the male nucleus and reaction of the female nucleus is expressed by terms "activating value (AV)" and "response value (RV)", respectively. Activating values assigned to Avena species show a range from 0.4 to 3 where 1 to A. strigosa is standard. The degree of seed failure is closely related to the differenec between activatlng and response value which usually is represented by an activation index (AI) of the polar nuclei. The AI is c, omputed from a formula, AV/2 RV (or X100%), In a plant selfed the AI is 1/2=0.5 (or 50%), being a normal index, and resultlng in production of normal seeds. If AI deviates from 50% the development of endosperm is often arrested, and it causes the seed abortlon in the extreme case. In the present hybridizations the activation index varies greatly from 7 to 375%Expressing in round numbers less than 20, 90-30, 30-80 and more than 80% activation indexes show Rd -, Rd +, D + and E - type kernels, res-pectively. Those of intermediate-type kernels are always found on boundary zones between the four groups. In other ¥vords, it is shortly stated that interspecific crosses of Avena are only compatible when their activation indexes fall within a range from 20 to 80 % .Thus the triple fusion of the two pdlar nuclei with the male nucleus In angiosperms seems to be a sexual isolation mec.hanism and the most efffective barrier to interspecific hybridizations.
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种间杂交不亲和是由于雄性细胞核干扰了极核的激活
结果表明,10个凤梨多倍体种间共进行了74次种间互交。杂种籽粒发育变化很大,可分为Rd -型、Rd +型、D +型和E -型4种类型,分别表示小粒或极小粒、小粒、正常粒和空粒、萎粒,以及杂种籽粒萌发(+)和未萌发(-)。然而,在少数杂交中,发现了一些中间类型的核。这一结果几乎完全可以用双受精中雄核激活极核的假说来解释。男性核的激活刺激强度和女性核的反应强度分别用“激活值(AV)”和“反应值(RV)”来表示。Avena的激活值为0.4 - 3,其中1 - a . striigosa为标准值。种子失败的程度与激活值与响应值之间的差异密切相关,通常用极核的激活指数(AI)来表示。AI是c,由公式AV/2 RV(或X100%)计算,在植物自交的AI是1/2=0.5(或50%),是一个正常的指数,结果产生正常的种子。如果AI偏离50%,胚乳的发育往往会受阻,极端情况下会导致种子流产。在本杂交组合中,激活指数在7 ~ 375%之间变化很大,在小于20、90 ~ 30、30 ~ 80的整数和大于80%的激活指数分别为Rd -型、Rd +型、D +型和E型。中间型核通常出现在四类核的边界地带。换句话说,简单地说,只有当其激活指数在20% ~ 80%的范围内时,Avena的种间杂交才能相容。因此,在被子植物中,双核与雄核的三融合似乎是一种性隔离机制。汉性是种间杂交最有效的屏障。
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