Regulating Big Tech expansionism? Sphere transgressions and the limits of Europe’s digital regulatory strategy

Abstract

The increasing power of Big Tech is a growing concern for regulators globally. The European Union has positioned itself as a leader in the stride to contain this expansionism; fi rst with the GDPR and recently with a series of proposals including the DMA, the DSA, the AI Act, and others. In this paper we analyse if these instruments su ffi ciently address the risks raised by Big Tech expansionism. We argue that when this phenomenon is understood in terms of ‘ sphere transgressions ’ – i.e., conversions of advantages based on digital expertise into advantages in other spheres of society – Europe ’ s digital regulatory strategy falls short. In particular, seen through the lens of sphere transgressions, Big Tech expansionism raises three risks in addition to well-known privacy and data protection risks, which this regulatory strategy does not properly address. These are: non-equitable returns to the public sector; the reshaping of sectors in line with the interests of technology fi rms; and new dependencies on technology fi rms for the provision of basic goods. Our analysis shows that this mismatch may be inherent to Europe ’ s digital strategy, insofar as it focusses on data protection – while data is not always at stake in sphere transgressions; on political and civil rights – while socio-economic rights may be more at risk; and on fair markets – while the sectors being transgressed into by Big Tech, such as health and education, are not markets that require fairer competition, but societal spheres which need protection from market (and digital) logics.