A Rotary Sonar for Long-Term Acoustic Monitoring of Deep-Sea Gas Emissions

Y. Marcon, E. Kopiske, Tom Leymann, U. Spiesecke, Vincent Vittori, Till von Wahl, P. Wintersteller, C. Waldmann, G. Bohrmann
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Natural methane gas release from the seafloor is a widespread phenomenon that occurs at cold seeps along most continental margins. Since their discovery in the early 1980s, seeps have been the focus of intensive research, partly aimed to refine the global carbon budget. However, deep-sea research is challenging and expensive and, to date, few works have successfully monitored the variability of methane gas release over long periods of time (> 1 year). Long-term monitoring is necessary to study the mechanisms that control seabed gas release. In 2017, the University of Bremen initiated the M3 project, which aims to study the temporal and spatial variability of gas emissions at the Southern Hydrate Ridge by acoustically monitoring gas effluxes over several years. Located at 800 m depth on the Cascadia accretionary prism offshore Oregon, the Southern Hydrate Ridge is one of the most studied seep sites where persistent but variable gas release has been observed for more than 20 years. We present the Southern Hydrate Ridge Overview Sonar, a long-range multibeam echosounder mounted on a rotator, which detects every gas bubble stream, or bubble plume, located in the study area. Built to resist to the harsh, corrosive conditions of the deep- sea, the instrument aims to produce data time-series that span over several years. It is powered and controlled from land through the Ocean Observatories Initiative’s Cabled Array observatory. The sonar was deployed and connected to the Cabled Array in June 2018 and started collecting data at fixed time intervals. This paper describes the design of the sonar, the dataflow, the post-processing steps that are required to process the enormous amount of data produced, as well as some preliminary data products.
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用于深海气体排放长期声学监测的旋转声呐
天然甲烷气体从海底释放是一种普遍现象,发生在大多数大陆边缘的冷渗漏处。自20世纪80年代初发现渗漏以来,它一直是深入研究的焦点,部分目的是改善全球碳预算。然而,深海研究是具有挑战性和昂贵的,迄今为止,很少有工作成功地监测了长时间(> 1年)甲烷气体释放的变异性。研究控制海底气体释放的机制需要长期监测。2017年,不来梅大学启动了M3项目,旨在通过多年来对天然气流出进行声学监测,研究南部水合物脊气体排放的时空变异性。位于俄勒冈州近海Cascadia吸积棱镜800米深处,南部水合物脊是研究最多的渗漏点之一,20多年来一直观察到持续但可变的气体释放。我们介绍了南部水合物山脊概览声纳,这是一种安装在旋转器上的远程多波束回声测深仪,可以检测位于研究区域的每个气泡流或气泡羽。为了抵抗深海恶劣的腐蚀条件,该仪器旨在产生跨越数年的数据时间序列。它通过海洋观测站倡议的有线阵列观测站从陆地上供电和控制。该声纳于2018年6月部署并连接到电缆阵列,并开始按固定时间间隔收集数据。本文介绍了声纳的设计、数据流、处理产生的大量数据所需的后处理步骤,以及一些初步的数据产品。
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