Interpretations of Dante’s Esotericism in the Italian and French Studies in the Middle of the Nineteenth and the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

Medovarov M.V. Medovarov
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Abstract

This article has a historiographic and methodological nature and is devoted to the problematic interpretations of the esoteric content of Dante’s ideas and works by French and Italian scholars from the middle of the nineteenth century to the second half of the twentieth century. Various definitions of Western esotericism are discussed in the light of contemporary approaches. The current interest in the study of Dante’s esotericism and the relevance of this topic are substantiated. The tradition in the interpretation of Dante's esotericism in Italy and France can be traced back to the occultists of the 19th century, who referred to each other's works: G. Rossetti, E. Arou, F. Boissard, J. Péladant, G. Pascoli and others. It has been demonstrated that the studies of Dante's esotericism during 1920s reached a new level of quality, which was adequate to the contemporary scientific requirements for Dante studies: in Italy, this happened in the person of Luigi Valli and his students, Arturo Reghini and then Julius Evola; and in France, at the same time, in the person of René Guénon. The criticism of Valli in the works by Guénon is analyzed in detail. The context of Dante's interpretation by Guénon is revealed in connection with the issue of Templar, Rosicrucian and Islamic influences (Sufism, Arab Neoplatonism). In this respect, a significant difference of tones was observed in the perception of Dante's esotericism within the general paradigm of integral traditionalism between Guénon and his Italian colleagues Julius Evola and especially Guido de Giorgio, whose fundamental work is still unknown to Russian scholars. An intense politicization of the perception of Dante's heritage by Evola and de Giorgio is also remarked in this article. Special attention is then paid to the study of Dante's esotericism by one of the leading Roman Catholic theologian of the twentieth century, Romano Guardini, who engaged a polemic correspondence with the integral traditionalists. Based on the results of our study, it was concluded that the research of Dante's esotericism by French and Italian authors for more than a hundred years can be characterized as a continuous chain of dialogue and polemics of various authors who knew about each other's works and used the appropriate links.
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十九世纪中叶和二十世纪下半叶意大利和法国学者对但丁神秘主义的解读
这篇文章具有史学和方法论的性质,致力于法国和意大利学者从19世纪中叶到20世纪下半叶对但丁思想和作品的深奥内容的有问题的解释。本文结合当代的研究方法,讨论了西方神秘主义的各种定义。目前对但丁神秘主义研究的兴趣和这个话题的相关性得到了证实。意大利和法国解读但丁神秘主义的传统可以追溯到19世纪的神秘主义者,他们互相引用对方的作品:G. Rossetti, E. Arou, F. Boissard, J. psamadant, G. Pascoli等。有证据表明,20世纪20年代对但丁神秘主义的研究达到了一个新的质量水平,这足以满足当代对但丁研究的科学要求:在意大利,这发生在路易吉·瓦利和他的学生阿图罗·雷吉尼和朱利叶斯·埃沃拉身上;与此同时,在法国,有一个叫ren gusamnon的人。详细分析了古萨农作品中对瓦利的批评。但丁对古姆萨农的解释与圣殿骑士团、玫瑰十字会和伊斯兰教的影响(苏菲主义、阿拉伯新柏拉图主义)有关。在这方面,古姆萨农和他的意大利同事朱利叶斯·埃沃拉,尤其是基多·德·乔治,在整体传统主义的一般范式中,对但丁的神秘主义的看法有显著的不同,基多·德·乔治的基本工作对俄罗斯学者来说仍然是未知的。埃沃拉和德·乔治对但丁遗产的强烈政治化看法也在本文中得到了评论。接下来,我们特别关注了二十世纪罗马天主教神学家之一的罗马诺·瓜迪尼对但丁的神秘主义的研究,他与整体传统主义者进行了一场论战。根据我们的研究结果,可以得出结论,法国和意大利作家一百多年来对但丁神秘主义的研究可以被描述为一个连续的对话和辩论链,这些作者相互了解对方的作品并使用适当的链接。
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