Blockchain, Internet of Things and Digital Twins in Trustless Security of Critical National Infrastructure

Mohammad Hammoudeh
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Abstract

The advent of communication technologies and smart storage gave rise to the concept of smart cities. One of the key enabling technologies of smart living is the Internet of Things (IoT). In recent years, IoT has developed into many areas of application including critical national infrastructure (CNI) such as transport, hospitals and power distribution grid. The proliferation in IoT applications raised many serious security and privacy concerns to citizens, businesses and governments. CNI systems depend heavily on IoT devices and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) to perform autonomous actions or inform human decision makers through the exchange and processing of data. Recently, blockchain has been advocated as a solution for secure data storage and sharing. Blockchain cryptographically offers a secure platform for maintaining a decentralised, ”append-only”, publicly verifiable and immutable data structure, which is timestamped and sequentially ordered by its reference to previous block hashes. The immutability and security of blockchain can improve the CNI protection. Two specific smart CNI enabling technologies that would highly benefit from blockchain are IoT and CPS. Digital twins are virtual replica of the network and logic layer of physical system. A digital twin provides a platform to solve major IoT related CNI cybersecurity challenges in tomorrow’s secure infrastructure, energy distribution, smart cities, smart manufacturing (Industrial IoT and Industry4.0) and autonomous transit systems. This key note discussion outlines how to implement blockchain as a fundamental theory for trustless security for connected CNI. It will investigate technologies which can be utilised to achieve a trustless matrix such as blockchain and peer-distributed security systems, for instance onion-routing, with the wider aim of defining trustless security further. The research also considers the feasibility of trustless IoT security systems and their application in CNI. It investigate the present state-of-the-art in cybersecurity as it relates to trustless security technologies and blockchain and what is the present state of the art of cybersecurity in IoT-enabled CNI systems.
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区块链、物联网和数字孪生在关键国家基础设施无信任安全中的应用
通信技术和智能存储的出现催生了智慧城市的概念。智能生活的关键使能技术之一是物联网(IoT)。近年来,物联网已发展到包括交通、医院、配电网等关键国家基础设施在内的许多应用领域。物联网应用的激增给公民、企业和政府带来了许多严重的安全和隐私问题。CNI系统严重依赖物联网设备和网络物理系统(CPS)来执行自主行动或通过数据交换和处理通知人类决策者。最近,区块链作为安全数据存储和共享的解决方案被提倡。区块链加密提供了一个安全的平台,用于维护一个分散的、“只追加”的、可公开验证的、不可变的数据结构,该数据结构具有时间戳,并根据其对前一个块哈希的引用顺序排序。区块链的不变性和安全性可以提高对CNI的保护。将从区块链中受益的两种特定智能CNI支持技术是物联网和CPS。数字孪生是物理系统的网络层和逻辑层的虚拟复制品。数字孪生体提供了一个平台,可以解决未来安全基础设施、能源分配、智慧城市、智能制造(工业物联网和工业4.0)和自主交通系统中与物联网相关的主要CNI网络安全挑战。这个重点讨论概述了如何实现区块链作为连接CNI的无信任安全的基本理论。它将研究可用于实现无信任矩阵(如区块链)和对等分布式安全系统(例如洋葱路由)的技术,以进一步定义无信任安全的更广泛目标。研究还考虑了无信任物联网安全系统的可行性及其在CNI中的应用。它调查了网络安全领域目前的最新技术,因为它涉及到无信任的安全技术和区块链,以及支持物联网的CNI系统中网络安全的现状。
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