Body balance in judokas

Abstract

Physical fitness has always been inextricably linked to human existence in nature. It is determined by various elements, above all by motor abilities, which can be shaped and developed. According to various theories [4,5], there are two sides to human motoricity: potential and effective. The potential side comprises predispositions, motor skills and abilities; the effective side – motor and physical fitness. Raczek et al. [3] have distinguished three groups on the basis of motor abilities. The first comprises conditioning abilities – energetic and morpho-structural. The second group comprises coordination and information abilities – neuro-sensory and psychological predispositions. The group includes ability to combine movements, differentiate movements, ability to maintain balance, orientation, rhythmicisation of movements, reaction and ability to adapt in terms of movement. The third group is made up of complex or hybrid abilities – determined by factors from the first two groups but without either of them becoming dominant: speed, agility. The coordination area of human motor abilities has been studied by numerous researchers seeking to identify the characteristic elements of its inner structure as well as the predispositions making up these elements. The research was started by American psychologists. Drawing on empirical research, Guilford [6] distinguished three groups of factors: responsiveness of the nervous system (reaction time, frequency), static precision (static balance, arm precision) and dynamic precision (dynamic balance, lower limb aiming). In Europe, research into the coordination part of human motor abilities was conducted by Gundlach [7,8] and Schnabel [9,10]. When it comes to the expansion of knowledge of motor coordination and, above all, the structure of the motor control process, Hirtz’s publications [11,12] are of particular importance. Maintaining a balanced posture in everyday life is necessary and is usually done without an individual being conscious of it. Interest in the topic was and still is so big that a large part of the literature on physical education is devoted to the problem of measuring balance, which could be called a component of physical fitness. There is a common definition according to which from the mechanical point of view body balance is defined as a state meeting the following conditions: the sum