Assessment of the Ameliorative Roles of Vitamins A, C and Eon Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Productionin Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Exposed To Cadmium Chloride

Abstract

The anthropogenic activities culminating in environmental pollution all over the world thatusually leads to release of plethora of pollutants such as cadmium calls for concern. In the present study the effects of cadmium chloride on the production of antioxidants such as Alanine AminoTransferase (ALT) in C.gariepinus and how such effects can be ameliorated through administration of vitamins were investigated.C.gariepinus fingerlings (whose initial weight ranged from 3-11g) were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Cd (00, 12mg/L, 16mg/L, 20mg/L and 24mg/L) with replicate in each case. Minimum concentration of the toxicant was taken as the concentration for each of the vitamins and administered across all treatments. Fresh concentrations of both toxicant and vitamins were administered every 72 hours for a period of 12 weeks every time the water medium was changed.The various treatments group include Cd (Cd only with T1-T4 and replicates), CdVA (Cd+vitamin A with T1-T4 and replicates), CdVC (Cd+vitamin C with T1-T4 and replicates) and CdVE (Cd+vitamin E with T1-T4 and replicates). 3 samples of the fish were randomly selected and sacrificed from each aquarium tank every 2 weeks of the exposure period. The gills, kidneys and liver were excised from these specimens and homogenized in sodium phosphate buffer. From the results: In samples exposed to Cd only, the ALT production levels in the liver of the fish showed that T1 and T4 in the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments including the control. The control mean values in the 6 and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T1 in the 10 week of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments. The highest ALT produced in the liver was65.43±0.10nM/mg obtained in T4 at the end of the 6 week of exposure. T1 and T4 in the kidneys of the samples at the end of the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The control mean values in the 6 and 10 weeks of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments. T4 inthe 8 week of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments including the control. T4 in the 4 week of exposure recorded the highest ALT value of 71.87±0.20nM/mgin the kidney of the samples. The T3 and T4 in the gills of the samples in the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments. T2 in the 6 week of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments. The control in the 8 and 10 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The highest ALT produced in the gill was 62.97±0.05nM/mgobtained in T2 at the end of the 6 week of exposure. In samples exposed to CdVA, the ALT production levels in the liver indicated that T4 in both 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The T3 and T2 mean in the6 and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The highest mean ALT produced in the liver was73.48±0.15nM/mgobtained in T3 at the end of the 6 th week of exposure.T2 and T1in the kidneys of the samples at the end of the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T1 in both 6 and 8 weeks of exposure,respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T1 recorded the highest ALT value of 81.61±0.15nM/mgin the kidney of the samples at the 4 week of exposure. The T2 and T4 in the gills of the samples in the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. InT3 and T4 in the 6 and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The highest ALT produced in the gill of the fish was 66.61±0.10nM/mgobtained in T4 at the 4 week of exposure. In samples exposed toCdVC, the ALT levels in the liver indicated that T3 and T4 in the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The T3 in both 6 and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T1 in both 10 and 12 weeks of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments. The highest ALT produced in the liver was60.43±0.15nM/mg obtained in T3 at the 6 th week of exposure. In the kidney’s T1in both 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments.T3 and T2 in the kidneys of the samples at the 6th and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The T3 and T1 in the 10 and 12 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The highest ALT in the kidney was 56.19±0.15nM/mgobtained in T3 at the 6 th week of exposure.The T1 and T3 in the gills of the samples in the 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T1 in both 6 and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T3 and T2 are significantly higher than other treatments in the 10 and 12 weeks of exposure. The highest ALT produced in the gillwas 65.17±0.15nM/mgobtained in T3 at the 10 week of exposure. In samples exposed to CdVE, the ALT in the liver indicated that T2 in both 2 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. The T2 and T1 in the 6 and 8 weeks of exposure, respectively are significantly higher than other treatments. T1 in both 10 and 12 weeks of exposure are significantly higher than other treatments.