Gendering the Declaration

Fionnuala D. Ni Aolain
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

As the Universal Declaration on Human Rights celebrates its sixtieth anniversary this article examines the gendered foundations of the document. Drawing on its drafting history the article concludes that despite considerable advances contained within it the document has many limitations. Over the years, greater attention has been focused on the ways in which the Universal Declaration has advanced claims for gender equality. As the document's influence and status have magnified, its gendered boundaries are in plainer sight. Moreover, as feminists have systematically exposed the entrenched biases of international law, the Universal Declaration does not emerge from scrutiny unscathed. This article analyses the enduring impact of gender inclusions and exclusions in the drafting of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Examining the Declaration's drafting history reveals the character and form of gender as included in the document and the long-term effects on the normative character of human rights law. Following in the footsteps of other feminist international scholars, this article suggests that foundational documents matter to the construction of gender relations in ways that are difficult to dislodge and create conceptual pathways that can substantially limit theoretically open-ended visions of international human rights law. Thus, advancements typified as achievements in their time may carry more baggage with them than we perceive. The article suggest that a more quizzical view of the gains made for women in the Universal Declaration might contribute to the broader project of defining gender dignity, violation, and accountability in ways that consistently reflect and respond to the experiences and needs of women rather than to an accommodationalist model which tries to "fit" the experiences of women within an existing and constrained framework.
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性别宣言
在《世界人权宣言》通过六十周年之际,本文探讨了该文件的性别基础。根据其起草历史,该条的结论是,尽管该文件载有相当大的进步,但该文件有许多局限性。多年来,人们更加关注《世界人权宣言》提出性别平等要求的方式。随着这份文件的影响力和地位不断扩大,它的性别界限也越来越清晰。此外,由于女权主义者系统地揭露了国际法中根深蒂固的偏见,《世界人权宣言》并非毫发无损。本文分析了《世界人权宣言》起草过程中性别包容和性别排斥的持久影响。考察《宣言》的起草历史,可以发现文件中包含的性别的性质和形式,以及对人权法规范性质的长期影响。跟随其他女权主义国际学者的脚步,本文认为,基础性文件对性别关系的构建至关重要,其方式难以摆脱,并创造了概念性的途径,从而实质上限制了国际人权法在理论上的开放式愿景。因此,以时代成就为代表的进步可能比我们所认为的要背负更多的包袱。文章认为,对妇女在《世界人权宣言》中所取得的成就持更质疑的观点,可能有助于更广泛的项目,即以一贯反映和回应妇女的经验和需求的方式定义性别尊严、侵犯和责任,而不是采用一种调和主义模式,即试图在现有的和受限制的框架内“适应”妇女的经验。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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