Soil and Fresh Water

General, Applied and Systems Toxicology Pub Date : 2009-12-15 DOI:10.1002/9780470744307.GAT096

T. Flaten, E. Steinnes

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引用次数: 3

Abstract

In nature, soil and water systems are intimately inter-related through a complex web of interactions. In this chapter, the nature and properties of soils are reviewed with emphasis on chemical composition and the binding, cycling and transformation of chemical substances in soil. The main focus is on metals, but organic compounds are also discussed. Water is discussed mainly as an exposure route from soil to humans. Various aspects of pollution of soil and water systems are discussed, including industry and mining, long-range atmospheric transport, pesticides and fertilizers and waste disposal sites. The possible health effects of soil and water acidification are treated, with emphasis on cadmium, lead, mercury and aluminium. Finally, some health aspects of drinking water are discussed, with emphasis on instances where toxic substances at least partly have their origin in soils, and where drinking water constitutes an important exposure pathway from soils to humans. This includes arsenic, with a focus on West Bengal, fluoride, water hardness, nitrate and chlorination by-products. Keywords: soil; drinking water; acidification; cadmium; lead; mercury; aluminium; arsenic; chlorination by-products

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土壤和淡水

在自然界中，土壤和水系统通过复杂的相互作用网络密切相关。本章综述了土壤的性质，重点介绍了土壤的化学成分和化学物质在土壤中的结合、循环和转化。主要的焦点是金属，但也讨论有机化合物。水主要作为从土壤到人类的暴露途径进行讨论。讨论了土壤和水系统污染的各个方面，包括工业和采矿、远距离大气运输、农药和肥料以及废物处理场。对土壤和水酸化可能造成的健康影响进行了处理，重点是镉、铅、汞和铝。最后，讨论了饮用水的一些健康方面问题，重点讨论了有毒物质至少部分源自土壤以及饮用水构成从土壤到人类的重要接触途径的情况。这包括砷(重点是西孟加拉邦)、氟化物、水硬度、硝酸盐和氯化副产品。关键词:土壤;饮用水;酸化;镉;铅;水星的;铝;砷;氯化消毒副产物

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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General, Applied and Systems Toxicology

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