The Mark of Villainy

Franziska Hartung
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Abstract

Why is it often so easy to identify the villain in a movie just by the way they look? Visual narratives exploit a mechanism that generates aversion towards people who look different. Being “different” by definition is in relation to a statistical norm, whether the difference concerns body size, skin color, hair styles, gender, visible physical disabilities, or facial anomalies. We often associate unattractive faces or faces with anomalies with poor character or negative personality traits. The evidence that most people harbor (implicit) biases against others who visibly differ from the norm is overwhelming, while people who approximate a statistical average within a population are regarded as beautiful and morally good. While we do not yet understand the (neuro-)biological and cognitive bases of these stereotypes, some recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that people not only pay greater attention to faces with anomalies but also simultaneously inhibit social and emotional responses.
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邪恶的印记
为什么仅仅通过外表就能很容易地识别出电影中的反派?视觉叙事利用了一种机制,让人对长相不同的人产生厌恶。从定义上讲,“不同”与统计规范有关,无论这种差异涉及体型、肤色、发型、性别、可见的身体残疾还是面部异常。我们经常把没有吸引力的面孔或面孔与性格不佳或消极的人格特征联系在一起。绝大多数人对那些明显与众不同的人怀有(隐性)偏见的证据是压倒性的,而在人群中接近统计平均值的人则被认为是美丽和道德高尚的。虽然我们还不了解这些刻板印象的(神经)生物学和认知基础,但一些最近的神经影像学证据表明,人们不仅更加关注异常的面孔,同时也抑制了社会和情感反应。
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