{"title":"The Sand Creek Massacre","authors":"E. West","doi":"10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.954","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"At dawn on November 29, 1864, a combined force of volunteer cavalry and regular army troops attacked a village of Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples on Sand Creek, or Big Sandy, a tributary of the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado. Those in the village had surrendered at nearby Fort Lyon weeks earlier and were waiting for instructions about future negotiations with the federal government. In the eight-hour massacre that followed at least one hundred fifty Indians were killed, the great majority of them women and children. Although the massacre occurred through the failures of Colorado’s territorial governor, John Evans, and the ambitions of its military commander, Colonel John Chivington, it reflected more broadly the stresses generated by the discovery of gold in Colorado in 1858, the declining position of plains Indian peoples, and the disruptions of the Civil War. Those stresses had led to raiding by elements among the Indians most resistant to intrusions by White newcomers and to assaults by military, including ones against Native leaders seeking peaceful accommodation. The massacre was followed by extensive reprisals by Southern Cheyennes and allies among the western Sioux (Lakotas). Subsequent investigations by both the military and Congress documented the atrocities committed there, and one recommended prosecution of some of its principals. No legal action was taken, and within a few years Cheyennes and Arapahoes had been removed from Colorado.","PeriodicalId":105482,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.954","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
At dawn on November 29, 1864, a combined force of volunteer cavalry and regular army troops attacked a village of Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples on Sand Creek, or Big Sandy, a tributary of the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado. Those in the village had surrendered at nearby Fort Lyon weeks earlier and were waiting for instructions about future negotiations with the federal government. In the eight-hour massacre that followed at least one hundred fifty Indians were killed, the great majority of them women and children. Although the massacre occurred through the failures of Colorado’s territorial governor, John Evans, and the ambitions of its military commander, Colonel John Chivington, it reflected more broadly the stresses generated by the discovery of gold in Colorado in 1858, the declining position of plains Indian peoples, and the disruptions of the Civil War. Those stresses had led to raiding by elements among the Indians most resistant to intrusions by White newcomers and to assaults by military, including ones against Native leaders seeking peaceful accommodation. The massacre was followed by extensive reprisals by Southern Cheyennes and allies among the western Sioux (Lakotas). Subsequent investigations by both the military and Congress documented the atrocities committed there, and one recommended prosecution of some of its principals. No legal action was taken, and within a few years Cheyennes and Arapahoes had been removed from Colorado.
1864年11月29日黎明时分,一支由志愿军骑兵和正规军组成的联合部队袭击了位于科罗拉多州东南部阿肯色河支流沙溪(又称大桑迪)上的南夏安族和阿拉帕霍族的一个村庄。村里的人几周前已经在附近的里昂堡投降,正在等待未来与联邦政府谈判的指示。在随后的8个小时的屠杀中,至少有150名印第安人被杀,其中绝大多数是妇女和儿童。虽然这次大屠杀的发生是由于科罗拉多州总督约翰·埃文斯(John Evans)的失败和军事指挥官约翰·奇维顿上校(Colonel John Chivington)的野心,但它更广泛地反映了1858年科罗拉多州发现金矿、平原印第安人地位的下降以及内战的中断所带来的压力。这些压力导致了印第安人中最抗拒新白人入侵的人的袭击,也导致了军队的袭击,包括对寻求和平和解的土著领导人的袭击。大屠杀之后,南方夏安人和西部苏族(拉科塔人)的盟友进行了广泛的报复。军方和国会随后的调查都记录了那里犯下的暴行,其中一项调查建议起诉一些负责人。没有采取任何法律行动,几年之内,夏安人和阿拉帕霍人就被赶出了科罗拉多州。