Surgically-based methods to modify orthodontic tooth movement: A literature review

Abstract

Aim: Reducing treatment time in orthodontics is a matter of strong interest for clinicians and patients. Many procedures have been reported in literature in the last years intending to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by modifying its biological substrate. Among them, surgical techniques are becoming increasingly popular. The aim of the present article is to review these surgical techniques, offering a clear idea of the scientific evidence available in literature and the possible implications of these techniques in the future. Methods: A literature search was performed in the databases MedLine and Scopus, including all article types focused on surgically-based methods to modify tooth movement in combination with orthodontic or orthopedic force. Results: Osteotomy, corticotomy and piezocision are the most representative of the so-called 'surgically facilitated orthodontic techniques (SFOTs)'. Corticotomy and piezocision share the same biological background (Regional acceleratory phenomena or RAP) while osteotomy is based on osteogenic distraction. A historical overview and a description of the techniques are included in the text. Conclusion: Although clinical results are promising, most of the articles concerning SFOTs are studies performed on animals or case reports. There is a need for evidence-based reports and standardized protocols in order to clarify the process behind tooth movement secondary to surgery, biologically speaking. Side effects of the surgeries and stability of the orthodontic treatment on mid to long-term are yet insufficiently reported.