Risks of pharmaceutical chemicals used in aquaculture: alternatives and current perspective

Abstract

Aquaculture is the fastest worldwide growing activity with respect to food production. However, the emergence of infection diseases is the principal risk factor in this industry. To control them, it has been used diverse veterinary drugs, antibiotics, solutions, colorants, which have toxic effects for associated biota, with ecological level impact, bacterial resistance promoters, and water bodies’ contamination. The present review show some negative aspects of their use and some alternatives for their substitution like: the use of probiotics implementation, terrestrial plants extraction and aquatic microalgae (marine and freshwater) with therapeutic properties, biodegradable and also molecular biotechnology implementation, genomic and proteomic terrestrial for development of resistant strains diseases and make the aquaculture a sustainable activity.