A Metastatic Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Caused by an Intraluminal Bronchogenic Tumor Embolus

Abstract

Objective and Importance: To describe the clinical presentation and neuropathological findings of metastatic cerebral aneurysms of bronchogenic origin. Metastatic bronchogenic cerebral aneurysms are exceptionally rare and have only been reported in association with high grade hemorrhage. Clinical Presentation: One patient presenting with a history of headache, speech difficulty, left-sided “numbness”, left seventh nerve palsy and left hemiparesis was found to have intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage with an aneurysm of the right distal Sylvian middle cerebral artery. Intervention: Pterional craniotomy with excision of mycotic segment. Surgical specimen sent to pathology for routine histology and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: Patients with metastatic cerebral aneuryms of bronchogenic origin usually present with subarachnoid hemorrhage, contrary to prior observations that “hemorrhage from neoplasia-induced aneurysms is paradoxically rare.” A tumor embolus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm. Cerebral aneurysms have been reported as a complication of primary extracranial neoplasms. The preponderance of such cases has been associated with cardiac myxomas and choriocarcinomas. Olmsted and McGee5 report approximately a 45% systemic embolization rate, half of which may be cerebral, in patients with left atrial myxoma. Weir et al.7 described mycotic aneurysms from choriocarcinoma as specifically being distal, lobulated, and fusiform. Pullar et al.6 reported a series of eight cases of metastatic cerebral aneurysms secondary to choriocarcinoma. There have only been four reported cases of metastatic cerebral aneurysm of bronchogenic origin1-4 The first case was described in 1982 by Ho2. Ho described a fatal intracerebral hemorrhage associated with an aneurysm in the medial aspect of the occipital lobe. Histologically, the lumen of the vessel contained collections of neoplastic cells that had invaded the vessel wall and destroyed the native cytoarchitecture. Kochi et al.3 described an intracerebral hematoma from rupture of a metastatic cerebral bronchogenic aneurysm in a cortical branch of the left posterior temporal artery. Murata et al.4 reported intracerebral hematoma from rupture of a metastatic cerebral bronchogenic aneurysm from a cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Gliemroth et al.1 reported recurrent and fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage from rupture of a metastatic cerebral bronchogenic aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. This patient also developed a mycotic neoplastic aneurysm in the contralateral anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Previous reports* of metastatic cerebral aneurysms postulated a low rate of hemorrhage. The four cases reported to date of metastatic cerebral bronchogenic aneurysm and our case, representing the fifth, have all presented with high grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case Report A 43-year-old female with a history of hypertension, asthma, intravenous drug abuse, hepatitis, a right apical lung nodule and a significant smoking history acutely presented to the Emergency Department complaining of speech difficulty and left sided “numbness.” Review of systems discovered a transient headache one week and one month prior to presentation. Physical examination demonstrated 4 out of 5 strength in the left upper and lower extremity on the left with hyperreflexia and an ipsilateral Babinski sign. * circa 2000 Figure 1 Metastatic cerebral artery aneurysm. Complete cross section of aneurysm entirely occluded by partially necrotic metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical stain for cytokeratin CK7, original magnification 40X. 1 Randazzo et al.: Metastatic MCA Aneurysm Caused by Tumor Embolus Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2009 14 JHN JOURNAL CT of the head was significant for Grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage and a small intracerebral hemorrhage. A transfemoral cerebral angiogram revealed a right distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm. No other aneurysms were discovered. Subsequently, the patient underwent a right pterional craniotomy with excision of a right middle cerebral artery aneurysm. The resected portion of the middle cerebral artery sent to the pathology lab was i.dentified as a highly anaplastic intraluminal neoplasm that was likely metastatic in origin. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for cytokeratins AE1, CK7 (Figure 1) and CAM5.2 (Figure 2). Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated tumor embolus with invasion through the internal elastic membrane of the middle cerebral artery (Figure 3). Based on these results and the patient’s known lung nodule, it was concluded that the specimen represented a metastatic carcinoma most likely from the lung. A multi-disciplinary team was assembled to further investigate and treat the patient for a primary lung carcinoma. The final impression of the oncologist was that the patient’s metastatic anaplastic carcinoma was most likely from her lung. The patient underwent whole brain irradiation and thoracic surgery was consulted for an open lung biopsy. Discussion Cerebral aneurysms due to metastatic tumor emboli are quite rare. In Ho’s2 early 1982 report of metastatic cerebral aneurysm of bronchogenic origin, he notes 23 documented cases of non-bronchogenic cerebral metastatic aneurysms. Approximately 70% of these cases were due to cardiac myxomas and 22% from choriocarcinomas. Since the publication of this article there have been three other cases of metastatic lung cancer causing cerebral aneurysms3-5. The currently reported case represents the fifth individual. The small number of cases which have been reported limit our ability to characterize these metastatic aneurysms (Table 1). The documented cases do not demonstrate gender or age as risk factors for the development of these aneurysms. Additionally, the histologic subtype of bronchogenic carcinoma does not appear to favor neoplastic aneurysms, as both squamous and small-cell lung carcinoma have been identified in tumor emboli. It is not evident that a particular artery or location has a greater chance of developing a neoplastic aneurysm. One observation that is clear is that all of the reported cases have been complicated by hemorrhage. It is unclear whether it is an inherent property of the primary carcinoma that results in hemorrhage or if observation bias results in the discovery of these aneurysms only when they bleed. If these aneurysms were often present without bleeding; however, they would most likely be reported in postmortem studies as have emboli from cardiac myxomas and choriocarcinomas. Conclusion The present case represents a rare, yet docu- mented complication of primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Since the first case was described by Ho in 1982, several other cases have been iden- tified. The limited number of cases prohibits identification of clear patterns. The recognition of neoplastic aneurysm formation as a devastat- ing complication of bronchogenic carcinoma is necessary in the differential diagnosis of mycotic aneurysms. References 1. Gliemroth J, Nowak G, Kehler U, Arnold H, Gaebel C: Neoplastic cerebral aneurysm from metastatic lung adeno- carcinoma associated with cerebral thrombosis and recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66: 246-247, 1999. 2. Ho KL: Neoplastic aneurysm and intracranial hemorrhage. Cancer 50: 2935-2940, 1982. 3. Kochi N, Tani E, Yokota M, Nakaya Y: Neoplastic cerebral aneurysm from lung cancer. Case report. J Neurosurg 60: 640-643, 1984. 4. Murata J, Sawamura Y, Takahashi A, Abe H, Saitoh H: Intracerebral hemorrhage caused by a neoplastic aneurysm from small-cell lung carcinoma: case report. Neurosurgery 32: 124-126, 1993. 5. Olmsted WW, McGee TP: The pathogenesis of peripheral aneurysms of the central nervous system: a subject review from the AFIP. Radiology 123: 661-666, 1977. 6. Pullar M, Blumbergs PC, Phillips GE, Carney PG: Neoplastic cerebral aneurysm from metastatic gestational choriocarci- noma. Case report. J Neurosurg 63: 644-647, 1985. 7. Weir B, MacDonald N, Mielke B: Intracranial vascular compli- cations of choriocarcinoma. Neurosurgery 2: 138-142, 1978. Figure 2 Metastatic cerebral artery aneurysm. Tumor embolus adherent to wall of artery. Immunohistochemical stain for cytokeratin CAM5.2, original magnification 200X. Figure 3 Metastatic cerebral artery aneurysm. Tumor embolus with invasion through internal elastic membrane Table 1. Author Demographics Type of Cancer Location Complications Ho (2) 68, male Bronchogenic Right Posterior Hemorrhage, Cerebral A. Rupture Murata et al (4) 63, male Small Cell (lung) Anomalous Hematoma Artery Kochi et al (3) 56, male Undifferentiated Left Posterior Hematoma, Squamous Cell (lung) Temporal A. Rupture Gliemroth et al (1) 38, female Adenocarcinoma Bilateral Anterior Hematoma (lung) Inferior Cerebellar A. Rupture Current study 43, female Bronchogenic Right Middle Hemorrhage Cerebral A. 2 JHN Journal, Vol. 4 [2009], Iss. 3, Art. 6 http://jdc.jefferson.edu/jhnj/vol4/iss3/6