Farmer Cooperatives and Competition: Who Wins, Who Loses and Why?

B. Carney, David Haines, Stephen P. King
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Farmer-owned processing cooperatives are common in agricultural industries, but they differ from standard profit maximizing firms. The farmers who supply a cooperative are also the shareholders and a cooperative aims to maximize the overall return to its suppliers. So the presence of a cooperative can alter both market pricing and structure.In this paper, we develop a simple model to analyze the market impact of a farmer cooperative. We show how a cooperative can intensify the competition between processors for farmers' produce and benefit all farmers, including those who do not supply the cooperative. If, however, the presence of a cooperative changes industry structure, then the effect of a cooperative on farmers is ambiguous -- some farmers gain while others lose. The potential for farmers to free ride on a cooperative raises the possibility of market instability, where a cooperative is desirable overall to farmers, but the cooperative's shareholders may find it in their own interest to 'sell out' to a for-profit processor. We show that the market has two stable outcomes, one where there are only profit maximizing processors, and a second where a cooperative coexists with profit maximizing processors.
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农民合作社与竞争:谁赢,谁输,为什么?
农民所有的加工合作社在农业产业中很常见,但它们不同于标准的利润最大化公司。向合作社供货的农民也是合作社的股东,合作社的目标是使供应商的总体回报最大化。因此,合作社的存在可以改变市场定价和结构。在本文中,我们建立了一个简单的模型来分析农民合作社的市场影响。我们展示了合作社如何能够加剧加工商之间对农民产品的竞争,并使所有农民受益,包括那些不向合作社供货的农民。然而,如果合作社的存在改变了产业结构,那么合作社对农民的影响是模糊的——一些农民受益,而另一些则损失。农民免费乘坐合作社的可能性增加了市场不稳定的可能性,合作社总体上对农民来说是可取的,但合作社的股东可能会发现将合作社“出售”给营利性加工商符合他们自己的利益。我们证明了市场有两种稳定的结果,一种是只有利润最大化的处理器,另一种是一个合作社与利润最大化的处理器共存。
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