Cognition

Sandra L. Halverson
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Abstract

finding shows that the external world was resampled, despite VWM still containing relevant information. We then asked whether increasing the cost of sampling causes participants to load up more information in VWM or, alternatively, to squeeze out more information from VWM (at the cost of making more errors). To manipulate the cost of resampling, we made it more difficult (specifically, more time-consuming) to access the model. We show that with increased cost of accessing the model (which lead to fewer, but longer model inspections), participants could place more items correctly immediately after sampling, and they kept attempting to place items for longer after their first error. These findings demonstrate that participants both encoded more information in VWM and made attempts to squeeze out more information from VWM when sampling became more costly. We argue that human observers constantly evaluate how certain they are of their VWM contents, and only use that VWM content of which their certainty exceeds a context-dependent “action threshold”. This threshold, in turn, depends on the trade-off between the cost of resampling and the benefits of making an action. We argue that considering the interplay between the available VWM contents and a context-dependent action threshold, is key for reconciling the traditional VWM literature with VWM use in our day-to-day behavior.
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结果表明,尽管VWM仍然包含相关信息,但外部世界被重新采样。然后我们问,增加抽样成本是否会导致参与者在VWM中加载更多信息,或者从VWM中挤出更多信息(以犯更多错误为代价)。为了控制重新采样的成本,我们使访问模型变得更加困难(具体来说,更耗时)。我们表明,随着访问模型的成本的增加(这导致更少,但更长的模型检查),参与者可以在采样后立即正确放置更多的项目,并且他们在第一次错误后继续尝试放置项目更长时间。这些发现表明,当采样变得更昂贵时,参与者在VWM中编码了更多的信息,并试图从VWM中挤出更多的信息。我们认为,人类观察者不断地评估他们对VWM内容的确定程度,并且只使用他们的确定性超过上下文相关的“动作阈值”的VWM内容。这个阈值,反过来,取决于重新采样的成本和采取行动的好处之间的权衡。我们认为,考虑可用VWM内容与上下文相关的动作阈值之间的相互作用,是调和传统VWM文献与我们日常行为中使用VWM的关键。
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