“As a vegetarian, we never do well enough”

F. Gfeller
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Abstract

Food is an area that receives little attention from psychologists, despite the fact that it provides many interesting situations and dilemmas through which human activity and development can be examined. Currently – at least in the WEIRD (western, educated, industrial, rich and democratic) countries (Henrich et al., 2010), – these activities are an important object of normative discourses and injunctions about how we should behave as consumers and how we should eat, notably when it comes to products of animal origin and meat in particular. In these countries, a large majority of people regularly consumes meat. Vegetarianism can be seen as a deviant behavior to this norm (Boyle, 2011), that provokes reactions as it questions the taken-for-granted normality and necessity of meat consumption (Larue, 2015). However, the issue of meat consumption also intersects with many other normative discourses, such as the imperatives to be an ethical consumer or to be a hedonist. In this paper, I examine how people orient themselves in relation to these norms and possibly take distance from some of them. More specifically I propose to do so through the notion of positioning. Position and positioning are notions that are increasingly used and discussed in psychology. The theorization of these notions is recent, and thus quite disparate (Gülerce et al., 2014), although a few scholars worked on possible synthesis of different traditions (Gillespie & Martin, 2014; Raggatt, 2015). I argue that examining positioning processes in relation to normative discourses and behaviors constitutes a way to understand the relation between the person and some social norms, and that this use will also contribute to deepen the conceptualization of positioning. I draw on empirical work conducted with people who recently changed their habits of consumption of food of animal origin. The questions I examine are: how do people position themselves in the normative and contested world of consumption of food of animal origin, and what are the processes possibly allowing them to question and transgress the norms in this area.
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“作为素食者,我们做得永远不够好”
食物是一个很少受到心理学家关注的领域,尽管它提供了许多有趣的情况和困境,通过这些情况和困境可以研究人类的活动和发展。目前,至少在WEIRD(西方,受过教育的,工业的,富裕的和民主的)国家(Henrich et al., 2010),这些活动是规范话语和禁令的重要对象,这些话语和禁令是关于我们作为消费者应该如何行为以及我们应该如何吃,特别是当涉及到动物源性产品和肉类时。在这些国家,绝大多数人经常吃肉。素食主义可以被视为对这一规范的一种偏差行为(Boyle, 2011),它引发了人们的反应,因为它质疑了肉类消费的理所当然的正常和必要性(Larue, 2015)。然而,肉类消费问题也与许多其他规范性话语相交,例如成为道德消费者或成为享乐主义者的必要性。在本文中,我研究了人们如何根据这些规范来定位自己,并可能与其中一些规范保持距离。更具体地说,我建议通过定位的概念来做到这一点。位置和定位是心理学中越来越多使用和讨论的概念。这些概念的理论化是最近的,因此非常不同(g lerce等人,2014),尽管一些学者研究了不同传统的可能综合(Gillespie & Martin, 2014;Raggatt, 2015)。我认为,研究与规范性话语和行为相关的定位过程是理解人与某些社会规范之间关系的一种方式,这种使用也将有助于深化定位的概念化。我借鉴了对最近改变了动物源性食品消费习惯的人进行的实证研究。我研究的问题是:人们如何在规范和有争议的动物源性食品消费世界中定位自己,以及哪些过程可能允许他们质疑和违反这一领域的规范。
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