Microcellular Wood-Fiber Thermoplastics Composites: Processing-Structure-Properties

Abstract

In this study, processing-structure-property relationships in foamed wood-fibre plastic composites made with a physical blowing agent were investigated. For the polymers studied, it was found that the crystallinity and morphology have a critical effect on the foaming process. Therefore, an investigation of both semicrystalline and amorphous polymers was conducted. Several imorphous and sernicrystalline polymers were selected, based on preliminary experimental results. By non-isothermal crystallisation of the semicrystalline polymers at various cooling rates, specimens with different crystallinities and crystal morphologies were made. The microstructures and sorption properties of these specimens were studied. All the specimens were foamed in a batch process using carbon dioxide as blowing agent and their structures were investigated. The results showed a great influence of crystallinity and morphology on the solubility and diffusivity of the blowing agent in and through the polymer and especially on the cellular structure of the resulting foams. In contrast to the work of Colton (1989), who suggested that the foaming process should be conducted at a temperature above the melting point, it was shown that by controlling the crystallinity and crystal morphology it is feasible to produce microcellular foams from sernicrystalline polymers in the solid state. h the second phase of the study, high density polyethylene and polystyrene were used as the matrices in a foamed wood-fibre composite. Sheets of composites were produced by compounding polymers and fibre. These samples were saturated with carbon dioxide at high pressure and the saturated specimens were foamed at elevated temperatures. Structural analysis and characterisation were performed on both foamed and unfoamed samples. The experimental results showed that the addition of wood fibre had very different effects on the mechanical properties of polystyrene (a glassy polymer) and polyethylene (a semicrystalline d u d e polymer). Fibres acted as nucleating agents in the crystallisation of the matrix, and drastically changed the morphology. The impact strength of PS increased when wood fibres were added, while wood fibre diminished the impact strength of PE. The presence of wood fibres significantly changed the microstructure of the composite in the foaming process. Overall, while diminishing the tensile properties (strength and modulus), foaming caused a significant improvement of impact strength of the wood-fibre composites. The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to his thesis advisor, Professor Mark T. Kortschot for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript, direction of this research and encouragement. In addition, special thanks to Professors R.T. Woodhams, C.E. Chaffey, S.T. Balke, who served as members of the author's graduate committee, whose criticisms and suggestions have contributed substantially to the success of this work. The author is grateful to Professors J.J. Balatinecz., Y.L. Cheng, T.W. Coyle J.E. Guillet, M.R. Piggon and J. Vancso. I also express my thanks to my advisors in the past: Professors H.M. Gharapetian, M.A. Semsarzadeh, F. Tammaddon and H. Assempour. The author appreciates financial assistance from Ministxy of Culture and Higher Education of Iran, the University of Toronto and the support of Manufacturing and Materials of Ontario (MMO). Materials which were used in this work were generously provided by: Dow Chemicals, duPont, Novacor, Shell, Himont, P.J. Murphy Forest Products and Howe Sound Pulp & Paper. The author thanks these companies for their materials and information. I am grateful to my colleagues and friends during this program: D. Cicci, W. Ding, K. Jarayaman, S. Ho, S. Law, K. Lu, E. Park, A. Prim, G. Trakas, L. Wing-King-Or, N. Yan, and C. Zhang. Finally I want to thank my wife, Soheila, and my children, Babak and Bahareh, whose their patience, encouragement and support are responsible for any success which I have achieved. Thanks to my parents, who financed my undergraduate education and part of my graduate programs, my brothers and sisters for their love, support and encourage.