Democracy out of Tyranny: Comparative Lessons from a Failed “Experiment”

Ioannis N. Tzortzis
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Abstract

Abstract: This essay presents the findings of comparative research on democratic transitions by reforma in Greece, Spain, and Turkey but in a framework not previously used and one rather different from the one established in the now-classical study of democratic transitions set by Guillermo O’Donnell and Laurence Whitehead in the 1980s. The departing point of this comparative approach is a case unknown to many: the ill-fated 1973 Greek attempt at self-transformation, known as “the Markezinis experiment” after Spyros Markezinis, who assumed the task of bringing the country to democracy in the way Adolfo Suárez González would do in Spain four years later. The attempt stalled before it was ended by a coup organized by the regime hard-liners tacitly backed by the military as an institution. The cases compared include Spain and Turkey, which underwent similar transitions, but with very different outcomes: consolidated democracy and “difficult democracy,” respectively. The reasons are sought in the different regime natures and elite and counterelite choices.
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暴政中的民主:失败“实验”的比较教训
摘要:本文介绍了对希腊、西班牙和土耳其的改革民主转型的比较研究结果,但采用了一个以前从未使用过的框架,而且与20世纪80年代吉列尔莫·奥唐奈和劳伦斯·怀特黑德所建立的民主转型经典研究的框架大不相同。这种比较方法的出发点是一个很多人都不知道的案例:1973年,希腊试图自我转型,但命运多舛,被称为“马齐尼斯实验”,以斯皮罗斯·马齐尼斯(Spyros Markezinis)的名字命名,他承担了将国家带入民主的任务,就像阿道夫·Suárez González四年后在西班牙所做的那样。这一尝试一度停滞,后来被军方作为一个机构暗中支持的政权强硬派组织的政变所终结。比较的案例包括西班牙和土耳其,它们经历了类似的转型,但结果却截然不同:分别是巩固的民主和“艰难的民主”。其原因在于不同的政权性质和精英与反精英的选择。
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