Endogenous International Technology Spillovers and Biased Technical Change in the GTAP Model

H. van Meijl, F. van Tongeren
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Abstract

This paper discusses the implementation of embodied international technology spillovers in the GTAP model. We specify a transmission mechanism for technical knowledge that assumes that knowledge is embodied in traded commodities. The usability of knowledge in the receiving country is dependent on the local absorption capacity (e.g., human capital, knowledge infrastructure) and on structural differences (e.g., factor endowments, climate) between countries. This concept is illustrated first by modeling spillovers embodied in final products and Hicks-neutral technical change. The bulk of the paper deals with factor-biased technical change in agriculture, and its international transmission through traded intermediate inputs. We demonstrate how to implement embodied international technology spillovers in the GTAP model and provide some numerical illustrations which highlight production effects and welfare effects. The GEMPACK implementation, together with additional data, is provided in a set of files which accompanies this paper.
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GTAP模型中的内源性国际技术溢出与偏向性技术变革
本文讨论了GTAP模型中隐含国际技术溢出的实现。我们指定了技术知识的传递机制,假设知识体现在交易的商品中。知识在接受国的可用性取决于当地的吸收能力(如人力资本、知识基础设施)和国家间的结构差异(如要素禀赋、气候)。这一概念首先通过模拟体现在最终产品和希克斯中性技术变革中的溢出效应来说明。这篇论文的大部分论述的是农业中偏向于要素的技术变革及其通过贸易的中间投入在国际上的传播。我们在GTAP模型中论证了如何实现具体化的国际技术溢出,并提供了一些突出生产效应和福利效应的数值例证。GEMPACK实现以及附加数据在本文附带的一组文件中提供。
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