Performance of Standard Power/Energy Metric under Fast Changes in Active Energy Flow Direction

Abstract

Rapid and frequent changes in energy flow direction, those may occur in active distribution systems due to presence of (un)intentional generation with simultaneous consumption, have significant effect on correctness and consequent interpretation of measured power and registered energy by power analyzers and revenue meters based on standard metric with long measuring window. The loss of information because of averaging effect in measuring window is explained and investigated using a numerical model of standard window based metric considering four invariant parameters. Moreover, identified characteristics are verified by means of performed experiments on a set of typical revenue meters. Finally, proposed solution is presented in the conclusion.