Tombes à dalles néolithiques (cistes et chambres) du nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique : une vision historiographique et chronologique

Abstract

EnglishEven though stone slab burials are well known in archaeological literature since the beginning of the 20th century (mostly thanks to J. Vilaro, then M. Cura, J. Castany and Ll. Guerrero), they have been largely overlooked during this last decade. Even so, numerous graves have been discovered with parallels with other contemporary - or sub-contemporary- Neolithic burials in southern France, northern Italy or Switzerland. The scarce or null visibility of the burials, their deficient state of conservation, the lack of surveying projects and the alterations caused by soil movements in agro-pastoral areas can be the reason for the few discoveries of this kind of burial during the last few years. Neolithic communities selected specific spaces and territories to bury their dead and in particular at locations between 589 m and 747 m above sea level. They used stone slabs to build two types of tombs: (1) cistas, which are cist tombs, buried and sealed tightly by the four slabs that make up the sides and the top. They can be accessed by moving the upper slab (vertical access); (2) megalithic chambers whose fundamental difference is that they are accessed from the side (horizontal access). There is an additional 20% of graves in a poor state of preservation that could not be classified. There is little osteological information as many of the graves were excavated several decades ago. Frequently a substantial part of the skeleton was not collected or the appropriate techniques were not used for optimal data recording. Most graves contain only one individual, occasionally two, and rarely three or more. The majority are adult males, but due to the poor excavation procedures described above and the loss of certain remains over time, because of the changes and transfers of the archaeological material between museums, this information is unreliable. The aim of this paper is to present the latest work carried out on the burials by a large team of scholars. We will describe the characteristics that define these burials (from the typology of the structures and buried individuals to the type of grave goods) and our analysis of these characteristics. This includes the study of the dental morphology that has allowed us to determine that the Neolithic communities of the interior of Catalonia had a greater affinity with those of southern France and perhaps even a common origin. In addition, the recent advances in biomolecular techniques (?13C and ?15N isotope analysis) have given access to information on diet, which mainly consisted of vegetables (cereals) and, in some cases, animal proteins. This contradicts the initial idea that the economy of these groups in the interior of Catalonia relied on animal husbandry. We have made important advances in the study of the grave goods with research into the geographic origin of the raw materials used to make the bone, malacological and lithic tools and ornaments, the technical systems implemented during their preparation and the tools?€? use-wear before being deposited in the burial. The lithic raw materials are comprised of flint from south-eastern France and the Ebro Basin, variscite from the Gava Mines and ornaments made with various marine species originating in the Mediterranean coast. This demonstrates the wide and complex network of inter-group contacts that existed at this time. As for the function of lithic and bone tools (knapped and polished), they show us that Neolithic societies had a double attitude when selecting grave goods: while some tools are unused and appear to have been prepared to be deposited ex profeso together, others were chosen among previously used tools. These objects show traces of use but were maintained in a perfect state of use. The tools include flint blades for harvesting (cutting) cereals or scraping hide, geometric unused microlithic projectiles, polished axes for wood and hide work, and bone awls for the transformation of soft materials. We still have to determine the function of the schist awls, which may have come from workshops located in the Pyrenees. From an experimental perspective, the current hypothesis is that they were probably used as projectile points. Finally, we will present the available radiocarbon dates as well as the statistical analysis regarding their chronological distribution and duration. Before our dating program, the chronology of stone slabs burials was based on a small number of dates, some of which were obtained from "long life" samples. Today we know that this type of burial was in use for between 510 and 865 years, during the period 4230-4000 cal. BC and 3490-3180 cal. BC. This indicates that these funerary practices were largely contemporary with others in Catalonia (located in the territories near the Mediterranean coast), as well as in France, Italy and Switzerland. Within the framework of this ongoing project, we aim to work on the more recently excavated burials (it is the case of Camp de la Bruna), as well as undertaking new analysis aimed at discovering the origin of certain tools and ornaments. Our priority will be to initiate a series of Zooms analyses to determine the species of bone used to make the numerous tools found in these graves. francaisLes sepultures a dalles neolithiques sont connues depuis le debut du xxe siecle, tout particulierement grâce au travail debute par J. Vilaro et poursuivi par M. Cura, J. Castany et Ll. Guerrero. Cependant, elles ont recu de la part des archeologues moins d'attention que d'autres structures funeraires (meme si elles sont souvent mentionnees dans la litterature archeologique), ce qui est surprenant. En effet, les tombes decouvertes sont nombreuses, ainsi que les paralleles avec d'autres manifestations neolithiques contemporaines ou proches dans le temps du sud de la France, du nord de l'Italie ou de la Suisse. Il s'est donc avere necessaire d'effectuer une serie d'analyses pour ameliorer nos connaissances a leur sujet. La faible visibilite de ces tombes (ou l'absence de visibilite), leur mauvais etat de conservation, le manque de prospections et les degradations dues aux remaniements des sols des zones agropastorales dans lesquels elles se trouvent, peuvent etre les causes du nombre peu eleve de decouvertes realisees ces dernieres decennies. L'objectif de cet article est de presenter les derniers resultats obtenus par notre equipe de chercheurs reunie autour de l'etude de ces tombes. Nous presenterons l'etat de la question sur leur historiographie, ainsi que les caracteristiques qui les definissent, en partant des structures pour arriver aux personnes inhumees et au mobilier funeraire associe. Il est important d'insister sur l'existence de nouvelles datations radiocarbone et sur les analyses statistiques effectuees, car elles nous ont permis d'evaluer la distribution chronologique des tombes et leur duree d'utilisation. Jusqu'a la realisation de ce programme de datation, la chronologie des sepultures a dalles etait assez incertaine en raison du nombre restreint de dates, dont certaines obtenues a partir d'echantillons de longue duree de vie. Ces donnees ont servi de trait d'union pour etablir des liens avec d'autres manifestations funeraires du neolithique d'Europe centrale et occidentale.