Real-Time Estimation of Instantaneous Power System Fundamental Frequency

Abstract

Instantaneous frequency measurement is a critical component of power system control and automation. Recently, electric power distribution networks with a high proportion of renewable energy have been subjected to unprecedented complexity, necessitating more complicated automation solutions. The major reasons for frequency changes include the usage of dispersed generation, the connection of non-linear loads, and the occurrence of some unforeseen system problems. This paper presents two DFT-based power system frequency measuring algorithms. It considers frequency variations from the system’s fundamental frequency, as well as the noise generated by analog to digital converters (ADC). The IEEE Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) latest Standard specification (IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1:2018) is used to examine these two methodologies. The methodologies are evaluated using test signals that are required to provide PMU quality evaluation and classification while accounting for process noise, ADC conversion noise, and dynamically changing input voltage and current signals. The tradeoff between DFT simplicity in implementation and needed complexity of power systems is put to the test by abrupt variations in frequency and amplitude of the fundamental component.