Fast Monte-Carlo algorithms for approximate matrix multiplication

Abstract

Given an m ? n matrix A and an n ? p matrix B, we present 2 simple and intuitive algorithms to compute an approximation P to the product A ? B, with provable bounds for the norm of the "error matrix" P - A ? B. Both algorithms run in 0(mp+mn+np) time. In both algorithms, we randomly pick s = 0(1) columns of A to form an m ? s matrix S and the corresponding rows of B to form an s ? p matrix R. After scaling the columns of S and the rows of R, we multiply them together to obtain our approximation P. The choice of the probability distribution we use for picking the columns of A and the scaling are the crucial features which enable us to fairly elementary proofs of the error bounds. Our first algorithm can be implemented without storing the matrices A and B in Random Access Memory, provided we can make two passes through the matrices (stored in external memory). The second algorithm has a smaller bound on the 2-norm of the error matrix, but requires storage of A and B in RAM. We also present a fast algorithm that "describes" P as a sum of rank one matrices if B = AT.