The Ten Promised Paradise: A Study of The Origin and Formation of a Sunni Doctrine Through Isnād-Cum-Matn Analysis

IF 0.9 3区 社会学 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Journal of Islamic Studies Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI:10.1093/jis/etad002
I- Wen Su
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Abstract

Abstract The concept that a certain nine or ten Companions, assured of Paradise in a Prophet ḥadīth, are superior to the rest of the Companions is among the most noteworthy Sunni beliefs. However, though well represented in the works of the ninth-century ḥadīth scholars, this concept has yet to receive adequate discussion in current scholarship. This article investigates its origin by examining various versions of the ‘Ten Promised Paradise’ ḥadīth through isnād-cum-matn analysis. The analysis suggests that this hadith, first emerging before 700, was widely circulated in Iraqi cities (above all, Kufa), and Madina before the mid-eighth century. Through examination of the socio-political milieu in which the earliest known disseminators of the ḥadīth lived, this article argues that the concept came into circulation after the second fitna. This ḥadīth’s ascendancy emerged (in Kufa) from protest against both the Umayyad hostility towards the ʿAlids and their partisans and proto-Shiʿi movements of all kinds (the Ghulāt and Hāshimīs); its propogation in Madina was most likely prompted by rivalry between the caliphate and the Hijazi elite. The article goes on to explore how the ethos of this ḥadīth became an early Sunni doctrine. A close examination of the transmitters following the earliest identifiable disseminators of various versions of the ḥadīth reveals that many transmitters played a prominent role in shaping the communal identity of the ahl al-ḥadīth. They took part in formulating their historical memory, developing ḥadīth criticism and establishing sunna either by articulating the ‘orthodoxy’ or by combating the so-called ‘innovators’.
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十个应许的乐园:通过Isnād-Cum-Matn分析逊尼派教义的起源与形成
有九个或十个同伴,在先知ḥadīth中得到天堂的保证,比其他同伴优越的概念是最值得注意的逊尼派信仰之一。然而,尽管在九世纪ḥadīth学者的作品中有很好的代表,这一概念在当前的学术中尚未得到充分的讨论。本文通过isnād-cum-matn的分析,考察了“十应许乐园”ḥadīth的各种版本,来调查它的起源。分析表明,这段圣训最早出现于公元700年之前,在8世纪中叶之前在伊拉克城市(尤其是库法)和麦地那广为流传。通过对已知最早的ḥadīth传播者所处的社会政治环境的考察,本文认为这个概念是在第二次fitna之后进入流通的。这种ḥadīth的优势(在库法)来自于对倭马亚人对阿里德及其党羽和各种原始什叶派运动(Ghulāt和Hāshimīs)的敌意的抗议;它在麦地那的传播很可能是由哈里发和希贾兹精英之间的竞争所推动的。文章继续探讨ḥadīth的精神是如何成为早期逊尼派教义的。对最早可识别的各种ḥadīth版本的传播者之后的传播者进行的仔细检查表明,许多传播者在形成ahal -ḥadīth的公共特性方面发挥了突出作用。他们参与形成自己的历史记忆,发展ḥadīth批评,通过阐明“正统”或打击所谓的“创新者”来建立sunna。
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来源期刊
Journal of Islamic Studies
Journal of Islamic Studies HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
11.10%
发文量
61
审稿时长
16 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Islamic Studies is a multi-disciplinary publication dedicated to the scholarly study of all aspects of Islam and of the Islamic world. Particular attention is paid to works dealing with history, geography, political science, economics, anthropology, sociology, law, literature, religion, philosophy, international relations, environmental and developmental issues, as well as ethical questions related to scientific research. The Journal seeks to place Islam and the Islamic tradition as its central focus of academic inquiry and to encourage comprehensive consideration of its many facets; to provide a forum for the study of Islam and Muslim societies in their global context; to encourage interdisciplinary studies of the Islamic world that are crossnational and comparative; to promote the diffusion, exchange and discussion of research findings; and to encourage interaction among academics from various traditions of learning.
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