The ability of biochars from cookstoves to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products from hospital wastewater

Brigitte Mukarunyana, Christoffer Boman, Telesphore Kabera, Robert Lindgren, Jerker Fick
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Abstract

Adequate treatment of wastewater to remove micropollutants constitutes a major concern globally. Despite this, large volumes of untreated wastewater are released into the environment, mainly due to the cost involved. Biochars have been suggested to have the potential to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) from wastewater, but, adsorption potential needs to be investigated further. Production of biochars should also preferably be sustainable and based on low-cost materials. This study investigated the ability of nine biochars produced in three cookstoves and from three feedstocks. All biochars were characterized and then applied in adsorption experiments, based on authentic hospital effluent. Our analytical method included 32 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and 28 of these were detected and quantified in hospital wastewater effluent samples. Some PPCP were present in relatively high concentrations (more than 24 µg/L). Adsorption experiments showed that the biochars used in the investigation had average removal rates (RR) ranging from 14.2% to 65.5%. Removal rates also varied between and within cookstoves and feedstock. Although cookstove biochars with a low surface area in this study generally showed lower removal rates, results from surface characterization were not detailed enough to correlate the physicochemical properties of the pollutants with the adsorption. Further characterizations are therefore needed to point out the most important parameters involved in PPCP adsorption on cookstove biochars.
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炉灶中的生物炭从医院废水中去除药品和个人护理产品的能力
对废水进行适当处理以去除微污染物是全球关注的一个重大问题。尽管如此,大量未经处理的废水仍被排放到环境中,主要是由于成本问题。生物炭具有去除废水中药品和个人护理用品(PPCP)的潜力,但其吸附潜力有待进一步研究。生物炭的生产也最好是可持续的,并以低成本材料为基础。本研究考察了在三个炉灶和三种原料中生产的九种生物炭的能力。以真实的医院废水为基础,对所有生物炭进行了表征并应用于吸附实验。我们的分析方法包括32种药品和个人护理用品,其中28种在医院废水流出物样品中检测和定量。部分PPCP浓度较高(超过24µg/L)。吸附实验表明,生物炭的平均去除率为14.2% ~ 65.5%。炉灶和原料之间和内部的去除率也各不相同。虽然本研究中低表面积的炉灶生物炭通常表现出较低的去除率,但表面表征的结果不够详细,无法将污染物的物理化学性质与吸附联系起来。因此,需要进一步的表征来指出在炉灶生物炭上吸附PPCP的最重要的参数。
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