Sphingomyelinases as modulators of synaptic transmission

Q4 Medicine Genes and Cells Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI:10.23868/gc546062
Chulpan R Gafurova;, Alexey Petrov
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Abstract

The brain has a high content of sphingomyelin, which is involved in the formation of plasma membranes and myelin, and is also an important for the organization of membrane microdomains (lipid rafts). Lipid rafts, as well as derivatives of sphingomyelin hydrolysis (ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate), are vital for synaptic transmission and its regulation. One of the main pathways to control the level of sphingomyelin and its derivatives is cleavage of membrane sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinases. Sphingomyelinases are localized inside the cell (in association with the plasma membrane, in lysosomes, endosomes, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum) as well as can be secreted into the extracellular space. The levels of sphingomyelinases significantly increase under the action of various stressful stimuli (including inflammation). At the same time, sphingomyelinase activity deficiency causes diseases with severe neurological manifestations. In the present review, we summarized the data on the currently known effects of acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases on pre- and postsynaptic processes, as well as about the synaptic localization of sphingomyelinases. In addition, a brief analysis of possible synaptic disfunction due to hypo- or hyperfunction of sphingomyelinases in a number of neurological diseases is given. Thus, sphingomyelinases are considered as important modulators of synaptic transmission at the pre- and postsynaptic levels in normal and pathological conditions.
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鞘磷脂酶在突触传递中的调节作用
大脑中含有高含量的鞘磷脂,它参与质膜和髓磷脂的形成,也是膜微域(脂筏)组织的重要组成部分。脂筏以及鞘磷脂水解衍生物(神经酰胺、鞘磷脂、鞘磷脂-1-磷酸)对突触传递及其调控至关重要。鞘磷脂酶裂解鞘磷脂膜是调控鞘磷脂及其衍生物水平的主要途径之一。鞘磷脂酶定位于细胞内(与质膜、溶酶体、内体、高尔基复合体和内质网结合),并可分泌到细胞外空间。鞘磷脂酶水平在各种应激刺激(包括炎症)作用下显著升高。同时,鞘磷脂酶活性缺乏引起具有严重神经系统症状的疾病。在本文中,我们对目前已知的酸性和中性鞘磷脂酶在突触前和突触后过程中的作用以及鞘磷脂酶在突触中的定位进行了综述。此外,还简要分析了在许多神经系统疾病中由于鞘磷脂酶功能低下或亢进而可能引起的突触功能障碍。因此,鞘磷脂酶被认为是正常和病理条件下突触前和突触后水平突触传递的重要调节剂。
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来源期刊
Genes and Cells
Genes and Cells Medicine-Transplantation
CiteScore
0.50
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0.00%
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0
期刊介绍: “Genes and Cells” (the old name is “Cell Transplantology and Tissue Engineering”) is a peer-reviewed scientific and practical journal recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for publishing basic materials of dissertation research. Originally conceived as a highly specialized publication, the Journal has now gained an ever wider target audience. If at the beginning of its journey — from September 2005 — the target audience of the journal were biotechnologists, specialists in the field of molecular and cell biology, by now it has expanded with medical practitioners. Such progressive dynamics are absolutely natural — over the last 7-10 years, biomedical technologies have come out of the exotic category, lack of understanding of the inhabitants and mistrust of clinicians have been replaced by interest and awareness of the need to use biotechnology tools in medicine no longer tomorrow, but today. The sections of the journal are formulated to fully disclose the target topics of the publication, convey to readers the opinions of leading experts in the field of biomedical technologies on topical issues of concern, acquaint them with the most significant recent foreign and domestic research, materials of thematic conferences, present analytical information on fundamental issues of biomedical technologies trends in the biotech business. The journal includes the following headings: “expert opinions”, “cell technology news”, “reviews”, “original research”, “clinical experience”, “discussion and general theoretical work”, “stem cell business”.
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