{"title":"Idiopathic (early) and secondary (late) tooth ankylosis in clinical practice and in experiment","authors":"","doi":"10.61110/50069","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Permanent tooth ankylosis is a multifactorial condition. Its origin on the molecular level is still rather unclear, and due to difficult diagnosis, the prevalence in the population is not known. ORTODONCIE | ro˃ník 32 | ˃. 3/2023 ODBORNÉ PRÁCE / ORGINAL ARTICLES Recenzovaný ˃asopis ˂eské ortodontické spole˃nosti 158 Úvod KoĜen zdravého zubu je ke kosti fixován pomocí periodontálních vláken, která tvoĜí pružný závÞs, což umožċuje zubIJm lépe odolávat žvýkacímu tlaku. Na základÞ patologického procesu (nejÐastÞji zánÞtu nebo traumatu) nebo také bez zĜejmé pĜíÐiny dochází v periodontální štÞrbinÞ ke koagulaci krve, poté k organizaci granulaÐní tkánÞ, která mIJže postupnÞ osifikovat. Tím dojde k vymizení periodontální štÞrbiny a ke spojení povrchu koĜene zubu a alveolární kosti, které nazýváme zubní ankylóza [1, 2] (Obr. 1). Etiologie a výskyt Ankylóza stálých zubIJ je považována za multifaktoriální onemocnÞní; vzhledem k obtížné diagnostice dosud není známa pĜesná pĜíÐina jejího vzniku ani její Ðetnost v populaci. K ankylotickému procesu dochází desetkrát ÐastÞji v doÐasné než ve stálé dentici (Obr. 2) a dvakrát ÐastÞji v mandibule než maxile, nejÐastÞji pĜitom postihuje doÐasné druhé dolní moláry. MIJže se však vyskytnout i ve stálém chrupu, pĜiÐemž není významný rozdíl v prevalenci jejího výskytu mezi muži a ženami. NejÐastÞji postiženým zubem bývá první stálý molár u dÞtí a adolescentIJ [3], což komplikuje ortodontickou léÐbu bÞhem dospívání. U dospÞlých je nejÐastÞji ankylóza pĜítomna u impaktovaných špiÐákIJ [4]. V souÐasnosti jsou ankylózy dÞleny na idiopatický (raný) typ a sekundární (pozdní) ankylózu. PĜíÐiny vzniku idiopatického raného typu nebyly dosud zcela objasnÞny. Uvažuje se o kongenitálních vlivech, které se podílejí na formování periodoncia a kosti, tomu by i napovídal zvýšený výskyt zubní ankylózy u pacientIJ se vzácnou formou CLCN–7 osteopetrózy. PĜi ní se jedná o poruchu H(+)-ATPasy na membránÞ osteoklastu, která umožċuje výmÞnu vodíkových a chloridových iontIJ pĜes membránu. I když osteoklasty jsou pĜítomny v dostateÐném poÐtu, nejsou schopny uvolnit vodíkové ionty, které snižují pH v extraIntroduction A healthy tooth root is fixed to the bone with periodontal fibres forming flexible anchorage enabling teeth to better resist pressure resulting from mastication. Pathological processes (e.g. inflammation or trauma) or even clearly identified causes may lead to blood coagulation in the periodontal fissure and subsequently to the formation of granulation tissue that can gradually ossify. In this way, the periodontal fissure is lost and the root surface fuses with the alveolar bone, i.e. ankylosis [1, 2] (Fig. 1). Etiology and incidence Permanent teeth ankylosis is a multifactorial condition; due to the difficult diagnosis, the precise cause and prevalence in the population remain unclear. The incidence of ankylosis is ten times higher in deciduous dentition than in permanent dentition (Fig. 2) and twice as common in the mandible as in the maxilla. The lower second deciduous molars are the most frequently affected teeth. However, ankylosis may occur in permanent dentition as well. There is no significant difference in the occurrence between men and women. In children and adolescents, the first permanent molar is the most often affected [3], which complicates orthodontic treatment. In adults, impacted canines are the most often affected [4]. Ankylosis is currently classified into idiopathic (early) and secondary (late) ankylosis. The causes of idiopathic ankylosis have not been satisfactorily explained. Congenital factors that participate in the formation of periodontium and bone are considered, which is supported by the increased occurrence of a rare form of CLCN-7 osteopetrosis among patients with tooth ankylosis. This is the result of the disturbance of H(+)-ATPase on the osteoclast membrane that allows the exchange of hydrogen and chloride ions. Even if the number of osteoclasts is sufficient, they are not able to release hydrogen ions reducing pH in the extracellular spaces, and thus, they contribuAnkylosis may be classified into idiopathic (early), where the cause is not definitely known, and secondary (late) resulting either from trauma or inflammation around the tooth root. In general, the diagnosis is based on the patient’s history and clinical picture characterized by the loss of the ankylosed tooth mobility accompanied by a distinct sound on percussion. Radiologically, computed tomography (CT) can be used; it is, however, often substituted by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in order to avoid high radiation load. Extraction of the ankylosed tooth is the most common solution. Other methods include tooth subluxation (potentially with corticotomy) or alveolar distraction with orthodontic treatment. Though more and more advanced imaging methods are used, the","PeriodicalId":471594,"journal":{"name":"Ortodoncie","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ortodoncie","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.61110/50069","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Abstract Permanent tooth ankylosis is a multifactorial condition. Its origin on the molecular level is still rather unclear, and due to difficult diagnosis, the prevalence in the population is not known. ORTODONCIE | ro˃ník 32 | ˃. 3/2023 ODBORNÉ PRÁCE / ORGINAL ARTICLES Recenzovaný ˃asopis ˂eské ortodontické spole˃nosti 158 Úvod KoĜen zdravého zubu je ke kosti fixován pomocí periodontálních vláken, která tvoĜí pružný závÞs, což umožċuje zubIJm lépe odolávat žvýkacímu tlaku. Na základÞ patologického procesu (nejÐastÞji zánÞtu nebo traumatu) nebo také bez zĜejmé pĜíÐiny dochází v periodontální štÞrbinÞ ke koagulaci krve, poté k organizaci granulaÐní tkánÞ, která mIJže postupnÞ osifikovat. Tím dojde k vymizení periodontální štÞrbiny a ke spojení povrchu koĜene zubu a alveolární kosti, které nazýváme zubní ankylóza [1, 2] (Obr. 1). Etiologie a výskyt Ankylóza stálých zubIJ je považována za multifaktoriální onemocnÞní; vzhledem k obtížné diagnostice dosud není známa pĜesná pĜíÐina jejího vzniku ani její Ðetnost v populaci. K ankylotickému procesu dochází desetkrát ÐastÞji v doÐasné než ve stálé dentici (Obr. 2) a dvakrát ÐastÞji v mandibule než maxile, nejÐastÞji pĜitom postihuje doÐasné druhé dolní moláry. MIJže se však vyskytnout i ve stálém chrupu, pĜiÐemž není významný rozdíl v prevalenci jejího výskytu mezi muži a ženami. NejÐastÞji postiženým zubem bývá první stálý molár u dÞtí a adolescentIJ [3], což komplikuje ortodontickou léÐbu bÞhem dospívání. U dospÞlých je nejÐastÞji ankylóza pĜítomna u impaktovaných špiÐákIJ [4]. V souÐasnosti jsou ankylózy dÞleny na idiopatický (raný) typ a sekundární (pozdní) ankylózu. PĜíÐiny vzniku idiopatického raného typu nebyly dosud zcela objasnÞny. Uvažuje se o kongenitálních vlivech, které se podílejí na formování periodoncia a kosti, tomu by i napovídal zvýšený výskyt zubní ankylózy u pacientIJ se vzácnou formou CLCN–7 osteopetrózy. PĜi ní se jedná o poruchu H(+)-ATPasy na membránÞ osteoklastu, která umožċuje výmÞnu vodíkových a chloridových iontIJ pĜes membránu. I když osteoklasty jsou pĜítomny v dostateÐném poÐtu, nejsou schopny uvolnit vodíkové ionty, které snižují pH v extraIntroduction A healthy tooth root is fixed to the bone with periodontal fibres forming flexible anchorage enabling teeth to better resist pressure resulting from mastication. Pathological processes (e.g. inflammation or trauma) or even clearly identified causes may lead to blood coagulation in the periodontal fissure and subsequently to the formation of granulation tissue that can gradually ossify. In this way, the periodontal fissure is lost and the root surface fuses with the alveolar bone, i.e. ankylosis [1, 2] (Fig. 1). Etiology and incidence Permanent teeth ankylosis is a multifactorial condition; due to the difficult diagnosis, the precise cause and prevalence in the population remain unclear. The incidence of ankylosis is ten times higher in deciduous dentition than in permanent dentition (Fig. 2) and twice as common in the mandible as in the maxilla. The lower second deciduous molars are the most frequently affected teeth. However, ankylosis may occur in permanent dentition as well. There is no significant difference in the occurrence between men and women. In children and adolescents, the first permanent molar is the most often affected [3], which complicates orthodontic treatment. In adults, impacted canines are the most often affected [4]. Ankylosis is currently classified into idiopathic (early) and secondary (late) ankylosis. The causes of idiopathic ankylosis have not been satisfactorily explained. Congenital factors that participate in the formation of periodontium and bone are considered, which is supported by the increased occurrence of a rare form of CLCN-7 osteopetrosis among patients with tooth ankylosis. This is the result of the disturbance of H(+)-ATPase on the osteoclast membrane that allows the exchange of hydrogen and chloride ions. Even if the number of osteoclasts is sufficient, they are not able to release hydrogen ions reducing pH in the extracellular spaces, and thus, they contribuAnkylosis may be classified into idiopathic (early), where the cause is not definitely known, and secondary (late) resulting either from trauma or inflammation around the tooth root. In general, the diagnosis is based on the patient’s history and clinical picture characterized by the loss of the ankylosed tooth mobility accompanied by a distinct sound on percussion. Radiologically, computed tomography (CT) can be used; it is, however, often substituted by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in order to avoid high radiation load. Extraction of the ankylosed tooth is the most common solution. Other methods include tooth subluxation (potentially with corticotomy) or alveolar distraction with orthodontic treatment. Though more and more advanced imaging methods are used, the