Influence of Cage Effects in Directing the Outcome of C–X Bond Forming Reactions

Abstract

Radical reactions have recently experienced a resurgence in organic chemistry after many decades of being considered to be too unselective to offer a viable solution for complex synthetic problems. Radical intermediates often have a number of different reaction pathways available to them that are all associated with insubstantial reaction barriers so that reaction outcomes can be controlled by proximity and dynamics. Cage effects consist of the effect of the surrounding medium, such as the solvent or the enzyme pocket, on the movement of radical intermediates and the medium’s resulting influence over reaction outcomes and selectivity. Cage effects substantially affect the outcome of all transformations in condensed phases, which feature the intermediacy of radical pairs, and a suitable choice of the cage should thus constitute a key optimization parameter for radical reactions. This Perspective provides an overview of key aspects of the cage effect that can be of importance in synthetic chemistry and highlights its role in a number of recently reported transformations that forge C–X bonds via the intermediacy of radicals.