Heat transfer of nanomaterial and physical behavior in a complexly shaped solar unit with a variable external force

Abstract

In order to improve convective flow, this study primarily used techniques including curved surfaces and a strong magnetic force. Cold temperatures and even flow are experienced by both the circular outer wall and the sinusoidal inner wall. FHD can have a bigger effect when combined with iron oxide in the base fluid. The electric current-carrying wire was positioned close to the interior wall in order to produce Kelvin force. A novel modeling approach was chosen to ascertain the number of scalars throughout the entire domain, and the process was validated using earlier numerical work. Gravity forces, ferrofluid concentrations, and the Kelvin force serve as the main pillars of current research. Conduction features increase and the Nu rises by 12.44% when nanopowders are used. Due to gravity and magnetic forces, the nanofluid can move more easily through the container. At [Formula: see text] and 1e4, respectively, Nu increases by 93.04% and 35.43%; with an increase in Mn F . Additionally, Nu rises with Ra at Mn[Formula: see text] and Mn[Formula: see text] by 43.55% and 0.71%, respectively.