Prospects for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to decarbonize road transport

IF 2.4 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Discover Sustainability Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI:10.1007/s43621-023-00159-1
Mehmet Doğan Üçok
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Abstract

Abstract This paper explores the role of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) in helping to meet global climate goals of limiting long-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1.5 °C. Employing the GREET Model and data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the study comprehensively compares the full fuel-cycle emission profiles of HFCVs and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The paper conducts an in-depth examination of the interplay between the carbon intensity of the electric grid and the resulting GHG emissions within the context of refueling HFCV vehicles via electrolyzers, and the analysis draws a comparison to BEVs charged using the same electric grid. The study finds that while emissions for BEVs increase, emissions for HFCVs are significantly larger when HFCVs are refueled from retail outlets producing hydrogen via electrolysis from grid electricity—a finding that was not previously reached in the current literature. The research underscores that countries operating electric grids characterized by high GHG emissions or lacking robust pathways to emission reduction would face suboptimal outcomes by adopting HFCVs powered by hydrogen sourced from distributed grid electricity generation. The gCO2e/mi for BEVs and HFCVs are also calculated when the electricity is produced from renewable energy resources. When electricity is derived from renewable energy sources, it becomes evident that the gCO2e/mi for both HFCVs and BEVs converge towards ‘zero’. The emission metric of gCO2e/mile for a HFCV refueled with the hydrogen produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming (SMR) without carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), stands at 105 gCO2e/mile, whereas in the absence of CCUS, it escalates notably to 247 gCO2e/mile, an approximate 150% increase in stark contrast to CCUS inclusion. This quantitative portrayal serves to underscore the substantial potential for curtailing carbon footprints achievable through the integration of CCUS, thereby amplifying its significance within the realm of hydrogen-based transportation and the broader purview of climate change mitigation endeavors. In order to provide a comprehensive perspective, the study delves into the examination of hydrogen production pathways and associated costs for the years 2021, 2030, and 2050. The forecasted supply costs are elucidated, particularly in relation to the potential hydrogen supply originating from variable renewable energy (solar PV and wind) sources and from CCUS-equipped hydrogen production facilities (considering the project pipeline of projects upto 2030). These factors are of substantial importance in shaping the hydrogen supply landscape and subsequently influencing the adoption of HFCVs in the market. The study also examines the cost implications of hydrogen delivery for varying transportation distances (for 2030), acknowledging their important role in the broader context. The challenges posed by the integration of variable renewable energy sources are also addressed, along with the imperative for effective energy storage solutions. This discourse unfolds within the overarching framework of the energy transition, prominently characterized by the ascendancy of solar PV and wind energy. The intricate interplay of these aspects assumes a critical role in shaping the trajectory of future hydrogen supply dynamics over the medium and long term.
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氢燃料电池汽车脱碳道路运输的前景
摘要:本文探讨了氢燃料电池汽车(HFCVs)在帮助实现将长期温室气体(GHG)排放限制在1.5°C的全球气候目标中的作用。该研究采用GREET模型和国际能源署(IEA)的数据,全面比较了氢燃料电池汽车和纯电动汽车(bev)的全燃料循环排放曲线。本文深入研究了在通过电解槽为氢燃料电池汽车加油的情况下,电网碳强度与由此产生的温室气体排放之间的相互作用,并将其与使用相同电网充电的纯电动汽车进行了比较。研究发现,虽然纯电动汽车的排放量增加了,但当氢燃料汽车从零售店通过电网电力电解生产氢气时,氢燃料汽车的排放量会显著增加——这是目前文献中尚未发现的一项发现。该研究强调,运营以高温室气体排放为特征的电网或缺乏强有力的减排途径的国家,如果采用由分布式电网发电的氢动力氢燃料汽车,将面临次优结果。当电力来自可再生能源时,也计算了纯电动汽车和氢燃料电池汽车的gCO2e/mi。当电力来自可再生能源时,氢燃料电池汽车和纯电动汽车的gCO2e/mi明显趋近于“零”。以天然气蒸汽甲烷重整(SMR)生产的氢气为燃料的氢燃料汽车,在没有碳捕集利用和封存(CCUS)的情况下,每英里二氧化碳当量的排放指标为105克二氧化碳当量,而在没有CCUS的情况下,二氧化碳当量显著上升至247克二氧化碳当量/英里,与加入CCUS形成鲜明对比,增加了约150%。这一定量描述强调了通过整合CCUS可实现的减少碳足迹的巨大潜力,从而扩大了其在氢基运输领域和更广泛的减缓气候变化努力范围内的重要性。为了提供一个全面的视角,该研究深入研究了2021年、2030年和2050年的制氢途径和相关成本。预测的供应成本被阐明,特别是与来自可变可再生能源(太阳能光伏和风能)来源和配备ccus的氢气生产设施的潜在氢气供应有关(考虑到2030年的项目管道)。这些因素在塑造氢供应格局并随后影响氢燃料电池汽车在市场上的采用方面非常重要。该研究还考察了不同运输距离(2030年)氢气输送的成本影响,承认它们在更广泛的背景下的重要作用。此外,还讨论了可变可再生能源整合带来的挑战,以及有效储能解决方案的必要性。这一论述在能源转型的总体框架内展开,其显著特征是太阳能光伏和风能的优势。这些方面错综复杂的相互作用在塑造未来中长期氢供应动态的轨迹中起着关键作用。
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来源期刊
Discover Sustainability
Discover Sustainability sustainability research-
CiteScore
4.00
自引率
7.70%
发文量
38
审稿时长
26 days
期刊介绍: Discover Sustainability is part of the Discover journal series committed to providing a streamlined submission process, rapid review and publication, and a high level of author service at every stage. It is a multi-disciplinary, open access, community-focussed journal publishing results from across all fields relevant to sustainability research. We need more integrated approaches to social, environmental and technological systems to address some of the challenges to the sustainability of life on Earth. Discover Sustainability aims to support multi-disciplinary research and policy developments addressing all 17 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The journal is intended to help researchers, policy-makers and the general public understand how we can ensure the well-being of current and future generations within the limits of the natural world by sustaining planetary and human health. It will achieve this by publishing open access research from across all fields relevant to sustainability. Submissions to Discover Sustainability should seek to challenge existing orthodoxies and practices and contribute to real-world change by taking a multi-disciplinary approach. They should also provide demonstrable solutions to the challenges of sustainability, as well as concrete suggestions for practical implementation, such as how the research can be operationalised and delivered within a wide socio-technical system.
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