Emily A. Lundstrom, Mary Jane De Souza, Kristen J. Koltun, Nicole C.A. Strock, Hannah N. Canil, Nancy I. Williams
{"title":"Wearable technology metrics are associated with energy deficiency and psychological stress in elite swimmers","authors":"Emily A. Lundstrom, Mary Jane De Souza, Kristen J. Koltun, Nicole C.A. Strock, Hannah N. Canil, Nancy I. Williams","doi":"10.1177/17479541231206424","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Energy deficiency (ED) and psychological stress affect athlete health. Given the emerging capabilities of wearable technology, the purpose of this study was to explore associations of wearable technology metrics in relation to lab-based measures of ED and psychological stress. We investigated the associations between (a) wearable-derived heart rate variability (HRV), resting heart rate (RHR), exercise strain and recovery, and (b) laboratory-derived measures of metabolism (resting metabolic rate (RMR), total triiodothyronine (TT 3 )) and a validated stress assessment (Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ)-52 items) in NCAA swimmers ( n = 23, 10 male, 13 female) during heavy training. Swimmers were grouped by degree of metabolic adaption to ED using the ratio of actual-to-predicted RMR (utilizing the validated cutoff of <0.94) and by sex. Metabolically suppressed swimmers had lower HRV (81 ± 27 ms vs.110 ± 35 ms, p = 0.04). HRV correlated positively with RMR (kcal·kg LBM −1 ·day −1 ; where LBM stands for lean body mass) ( r = 0.45; p = 0.03). HRV was negatively correlated with sport-specific ( r = −0.46; p = 0.03) and total stress ( r = −0.46; p = 0.03). In males, HRV correlated negatively with general stress ( r = −0.72; p = 0.02) and total stress ( r = −0.74, p = 0.01) (RESTQ). Additionally, in males only, the strain was correlated positively with RESTQ recovery–stress balance ( r = 0.69; p = 0.03), and negatively correlated with general stress ( r = −0.81, p = 0.01), and sport stress ( r = −0.89, p < 0.01). No correlations between HRV, RHR, strain or recovery, and stress variables were observed in females. Associations between wearable technology measures of HRV, RHR, strain, and recovery with validated measures of ED and psychological stress should continue to be explored with a focus on underlying mechanisms and moderating influences of biological sex.","PeriodicalId":47767,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231206424","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Energy deficiency (ED) and psychological stress affect athlete health. Given the emerging capabilities of wearable technology, the purpose of this study was to explore associations of wearable technology metrics in relation to lab-based measures of ED and psychological stress. We investigated the associations between (a) wearable-derived heart rate variability (HRV), resting heart rate (RHR), exercise strain and recovery, and (b) laboratory-derived measures of metabolism (resting metabolic rate (RMR), total triiodothyronine (TT 3 )) and a validated stress assessment (Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ)-52 items) in NCAA swimmers ( n = 23, 10 male, 13 female) during heavy training. Swimmers were grouped by degree of metabolic adaption to ED using the ratio of actual-to-predicted RMR (utilizing the validated cutoff of <0.94) and by sex. Metabolically suppressed swimmers had lower HRV (81 ± 27 ms vs.110 ± 35 ms, p = 0.04). HRV correlated positively with RMR (kcal·kg LBM −1 ·day −1 ; where LBM stands for lean body mass) ( r = 0.45; p = 0.03). HRV was negatively correlated with sport-specific ( r = −0.46; p = 0.03) and total stress ( r = −0.46; p = 0.03). In males, HRV correlated negatively with general stress ( r = −0.72; p = 0.02) and total stress ( r = −0.74, p = 0.01) (RESTQ). Additionally, in males only, the strain was correlated positively with RESTQ recovery–stress balance ( r = 0.69; p = 0.03), and negatively correlated with general stress ( r = −0.81, p = 0.01), and sport stress ( r = −0.89, p < 0.01). No correlations between HRV, RHR, strain or recovery, and stress variables were observed in females. Associations between wearable technology measures of HRV, RHR, strain, and recovery with validated measures of ED and psychological stress should continue to be explored with a focus on underlying mechanisms and moderating influences of biological sex.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching is a peer-reviewed, international, academic/professional journal, which aims to bridge the gap between coaching and sports science. The journal will integrate theory and practice in sports science, promote critical reflection of coaching practice, and evaluate commonly accepted beliefs about coaching effectiveness and performance enhancement. Open learning systems will be promoted in which: (a) sports science is made accessible to coaches, translating knowledge into working practice; and (b) the challenges faced by coaches are communicated to sports scientists. The vision of the journal is to support the development of a community in which: (i) sports scientists and coaches respect and learn from each other as they assist athletes to acquire skills by training safely and effectively, thereby enhancing their performance, maximizing their enjoyment of the sporting experience and facilitating character development; and (ii) scientific research is embraced in the quest to uncover, understand and develop the processes involved in sports coaching and elite performance.