Biofilm Formation in Acute and Chronic Infections with Special Emphasis on Common Chronic and Nosocomial Infections

Abstract

Biofilm is defined as a community of microorganisms that are adhered to living or non-living solid surfaces and embedded in a common, self-made matrix, comprising of exopolysaccharide material. The role of biofilm in chronic diseases deserves special importance as these extracellular polymeric materials developed with quorum sensing support both the primary criteria of infection development namely adhesion and colonisation. Due to their structural and physiological changes, microorganisms present in the biofilm are difficult to treat or eradicate. The presence of a protective layer of extracellular polymers, changes in metabolic activity or a high rate of mutation make them tolerant or resistant to conventional treatment. The persistence of pathogenic microorganisms mostly renders biofilm to be associated with several acute and chronic infections and various nosocomial or healthcare-related infections. Furthermore, cancer development may also result due to biofilm formation. Biofilm may contribute to inflammation. This study deals with molecular aspects of biofilm formation and its role in different disease formations.